Table 1.

Definitions of exercise interventions and controls.

Type	Definition
True control	No intervention provided
Active control	Treatment including education, psychological, or other non-physical interventions
Aquatic exercise	Exercise performed in water
Boxing	Exercise following boxing techniques such as punches and defenses
Cycling	Exercise using a special stationary exercise bicycle with a weighted flywheel in an indoor setting
Dancing	Exercise form consisting of sequences of movement, either improvised or purposefully selected
Exergaming	Exercise performed by video games
Functional	Exercise targeting on train muscles to work together and prepare them for daily tasks
Multimodal	Two or more of specific types of exercise
Nordic walking	Walking exercise performed with specially designed walking poles like ski poles
Ordinary walking	Walking exercise practicing by using treadmill or land-based modes
Qigong	Exercise typically focusing on movement, breathing, and meditation, to integrate body, breath, and mind adjustments into one
Strength training	Exercise designed to improve muscular strength, power, and endurance
Stretching	Exercise consisting of muscle flexing or lengthening only
Tai chi	Exercise following traditional Chinese martial art principles to improve strength, balance, and physical function
Yoga	Exercise following the principles of traditional yoga with physical components