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. 2023 Feb 28:1–19. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1038/s41417-023-00597-z

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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc. 2023, Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

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Fig. 1 — One of the significant advantages of the CRISPR/Cas system is that it can be modified readily to carry out various functions. Cas9 can induce DSB and edit genes with high accuracy or with the help of modified Cas9 enzymes like dCas9; this system can be used as a transcription activator (CRISPRa) or transcription repressor (CRISPRi).