Table 1.
Characteristics of study subjects according to the status of diabetic nephropathy (n=2332)
| Characteristic | Diabetic nephropathy | ||
| No (n=2076) | Yes (n=256) | P value | |
| Age (years) | 58.43±7.69 | 59.89±7.41 | 0.004 |
| Sex | <0.001 | ||
| Men | 867 (41.76) | 157 (61.33) | |
| Women | 1209 (58.24) | 99 (38.67) | |
| Education level | 0.26 | ||
| ≤6 | 305 (14.69) | 47 (18.36) | |
| 7~12 | 934 (44.99) | 106 (41.41) | |
| ≥13 | 837 (40.32) | 103 (40.23) | |
| Marriage status | |||
| Married | 1596 (76.88) | 193 (75.39) | 0.65 |
| Behaviors | |||
| Physical activity | 1064 (51.25) | 120 (46.88) | 0.21 |
| Smoking | 672 (32.37) | 118 (46.09) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol drinking | 127 (6.12) | 22 (8.59) | 0.16 |
| Biochemical markers | |||
| FPG (mg/dL) | 133.58±43.2 | 152.68±61.41 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.47±1.44 | 8.05±1.74 | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.54±0.22 | 4.39±0.33 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.71±0.19 | 1.45±1.3 | <0.001 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.58±1.37 | 6.56±1.64 | <0.001 |
| ACR (mg/g cr) | 29.18±44.64 | 910.24±1334.72 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 144.71±101.83 | 213.95±218.33 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 177.96±35.86 | 184.82±45.17 | 0.02 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 48.96±12.01 | 44.54±10.96 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 105.57±31.06 | 104.26±32.62 | 0.53 |
| Log hsCRP | 0.23±1.05 | 0.41±1.01 | 0.01 |
| Disease history | |||
| Obesity (BMI ≥27 kg/m2) | 729 (35.12) | 124 (48.44) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 829 (39.93) | 158 (61.72) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 663 (31.94) | 91 (35.55) | 0.27 |
| Heart disease | 316 (15.22) | 54 (21.09) | 0.02 |
| Stroke | 44 (2.12) | 14 (5.47) | 0.002 |
Data were presented as mean±SD for continuous variables or n (%) for categorical variables.
ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; BMI, body mass index; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol.