Figure 3.

Overview of signaling pathways against liver cancer. Plant-derived natural products and different combination therapy can achieve practical anti-liver-cancer effects through multiple mechanisms, including activation of continuing endoplasmic reticulum stress, suppression of migration, inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis and autophagy. For example, it could promote apoptosis through the heavy and continuing endoplasmic reticulum stress; and it coula promote the expression of ATF6, PERK, eIF2α, p-eIF2α, ATF4, CHOP. It also could suppress migration through increasing the concentration of intracellular calciumions, reduce transcriptional activities of MMP-2 and MMP9 and VEGF to inhibit metastasis. Besides, it could increase the expression of Bcl-x; downregulating the expression of Bcl-xL and Bcl-2; suppressing the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and caspase cascade reaction. In the next place, combination therapy could reduce cancer cell proliferation by binding PI3K and subsequently suppressing PKB function and regulating MAPK signaling pathway. It also coula induce apoptosis through activation of STAT3 via inhibiting the phosphorylation of mTOR. Moreover, it could promote aopotosis through caspase cascade reactor and. In addition, autophagy is also related to occurrence and development of tumor, natural plants target intracellular autophagy including Beclin-1, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, have been known to control cell proliferation and apoptosis.