Table 3.
Virtual reality (VR) as a therapeutic tool.
| Citations | Outcome measures | Assessment tools | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mrakic-Sposta et al., 201839 | Cognitive functions and oxidative stress | Neuropsychological test battery | No statistical difference was observed between the control and intervention groups. |
| Thapa et al., 202030 | Cognitive and physical functions | Questionnaires and functional task tests |
Improved cognitive and physical functions in MCI patients. |
| De Luca et al., 201731 | Cognitive and motor functions | Clinical-psychometric battery and questionnaires | Improved motor performance and cognitive functions. |
| Bergmann et al., 201829 | Motor performance (walking function) and motivation | Questionnaire and walking time evaluated during physiotherapy session | Enhanced motivation and walking time among patients. |
| Lee et al.,202027 | Cognitive function, motivation, and depression | Questionnaires | Improved cognitive function, rehabilitation motivation, and depression. |
| Al-Sharman et al., 201932 | Motor skill performance (cognitive and fatigue) | Questionnaires and VR game system (time to complete and errors) | Significant improvement was observed in motor skill performance. |
| Pot-Kolder et al., 201825 | Paranoia, momentary anxiety, and social participation | Questionnaires and social participation (time spent with others) | No significant improvement in social participation; but momentary paranoia and anxiety reduced post-treatment. |
| Falconer et al., 201743 | Mentalization and mood | Questionnaire and interview | No improvement in self-report measures. |
| Yeh et al., 201733 | Motor functions (upper extremity) | Questionnaires and task-oriented assessment | Effectively promoted motor function recovery. |
| Buccellato et al., 202042 | Cognitive, motor, and behavioral functioning | Questionnaires and task-oriented assessment | There was no significant improvement in cognitive, motor, or behavioral functioning. |
| Mekbib et al., 202134 | Motor functions (upper extremity) | Questionnaires and task-oriented assessment (via a VR system) | Reduced UE motor impairments and increased independence in ADLs. |
| Jonsdottir et al., 202135 | Physical activity, functional mobility, and cognitive abilities | Questionnaires and 2-min walking test | Motor and cognitive ability improved in both phases (clinic and home). |
| Beverly et al., 202226 | Subjective stress | Questionnaire | Effectively reduced stress. |
| Mosso Vázquez et al., 201840 | Pain distraction | Questionnaires and vital signs | VR devices (HMD and mobile) effectively reduced pain during ambulatory surgery. |
| Ryu et al., 201828 | Preoperative anxiety | Questionnaire | Reduced preoperative anxiety. |
| Osmanlliu et al., 202041 | Procedural pain and distress | Questionnaires | No significant improvement in pain or distress during an IV procedure. |
| 16 | Pain and state-trait anxiety | Questionnaires | Significant improvement in the reduction of pain and anxiety. |
MCI, mild cognitive impairment; HMD, head-mounted display; UE, upper extremity; ADLs, activities of daily living.