TABLE 3.
Risk of advanced stage prostate cancer by fifths of intakes of proteins and amino acids in 128,460 male EPIC participants, including 1368 advanced stage cases a , b , c
| Intakes | Fifths of intakes, g/1000 kcal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ptrend d | |
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | ||
| Protein from food groups | ||||||
| Total protein | 1 (Ref) | 0.92 (0.77, 1.10) | 0.96 (0.81, 1.14) | 0.83 (0.69, 1.00) | 0.89 (0.74, 1.08) | 0.2 |
| Animal protein | 1 (Ref) | 1.03 (0.85, 1.25) | 0.94 (0.77, 1.14) | 0.91 (0.74, 1.11) | 0.97 (0.79, 1.19) | 0.5 |
| Protein from meat | 1 (Ref) | 0.96 (0.80, 1.16) | 0.94 (0.78, 1.14) | 0.93 (0.77, 1.13) | 0.88 (0.72, 1.08) | 0.2 |
| Protein from fish | 1 (Ref) | 1.18 (0.96, 1.44) | 1.22 (1.00, 1.50) | 1.03 (0.84, 1.27) | 1.10 (0.89, 1.37) | 0.8 |
| Protein from dairy products | 1 (Ref) | 0.99 (0.83, 1.18) | 1.03 (0.87, 1.23) | 1.03 (0.87, 1.23) | 1.06 (0.89, 1.26) | 0.5 |
| Protein from milk | 1 (Ref) | 1.04 (0.87, 1.24) | 0.95 (0.80, 1.15) | 0.93 (0.77, 1.12) | 1.00 (0.83, 1.21) | 0.8 |
| Protein from yogurt | 1 (Ref) | 1.12 (0.92, 1.37) | 1.15 (0.96, 1.39) | 1.10 (0.91, 1.32) | 1.08 (0.89, 1.30) | 0.9 |
| Protein from cheese | 1 (Ref) | 1.09 (0.91, 1.29) | 1.13 (0.95, 1.35) | 1.13 (0.94, 1.36) | 1.15 (0.95, 1.39) | 0.2 |
| Protein from eggs | 1 (Ref) | 1.10 (0.92, 1.31) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.17) | 0.99 (0.83, 1.20) | 0.91 (0.75, 1.10) | 0.1 |
| Plant protein | 1 (Ref) | 1.02 (0.87, 1.20) | 1.02 (0.86, 1.21) | 0.98 (0.81, 1.18) | 1.04 (0.84, 1.30) | 0.8 |
| Amino acids | ||||||
| Essential amino acids | ||||||
| Histidine | 1 (Ref) | 0.94 (0.78, 1.12) | 0.98 (0.81, 1.17) | 0.98 (0.82, 1.18) | 0.92 (0.76, 1.11) | 0.5 |
| Isoleucine | 1 (Ref) | 0.90 (0.75, 1.08) | 1.00 (0.84, 1.20) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.16) | 0.93 (0.77, 1.12) | 0.6 |
| Leucine | 1 (Ref) | 0.94 (0.79, 1.14) | 1.00 (0.83, 1.20) | 1.04 (0.87, 1.25) | 0.96 (0.79, 1.16) | 0.9 |
| Lysine | 1 (Ref) | 0.96 (0.80, 1.16) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.16) | 0.98 (0.81, 1.18) | 0.95 (0.78, 1.15) | 0.7 |
| Methionine | 1 (Ref) | 0.99 (0.82, 1.20) | 1.06 (0.88, 1.27) | 1.00 (0.83, 1.21) | 0.97 (0.80, 1.18) | 0.7 |
| Phenylalanine | 1 (Ref) | 0.95 (0.79, 1.15) | 1.05 (0.88, 1.26) | 1.10 (0.92, 1.32) | 0.96 (0.80, 1.16) | 1.0 |
| Threonine | 1 (Ref) | 0.89 (0.75, 1.07) | 0.94 (0.79, 1.13) | 0.95 (0.79, 1.14) | 0.91 (0.76, 1.10) | 0.6 |
| Tryptophan | 1 (Ref) | 0.90 (0.75, 1.08) | 1.04 (0.87, 1.23) | 0.93 (0.78, 1.12) | 0.92 (0.76, 1.10) | 0.5 |
| Valine | 1 (Ref) | 0.88 (0.73, 1.05) | 1.02 (0.85, 1.22) | 0.96 (0.80, 1.15) | 0.95 (0.79, 1.14) | 0.8 |
| Sum of essential amino acid | 1 (Ref) | 0.98 (0.82, 1.18) | 1.01 (0.84, 1.22) | 1.04 (0.86, 1.25) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.18) | 0.9 |
| Non‐essential amino acids | ||||||
| Alanine | 1 (Ref) | 0.96 (0.80, 1.16) | 0.95 (0.79, 1.15) | 0.97 (0.80, 1.18) | 0.93 (0.76, 1.14) | 0.6 |
| Arginine | 1 (Ref) | 1.06 (0.88, 1.27) | 1.01 (0.84, 1.21) | 1.04 (0.86, 1.25) | 0.98 (0.81, 1.19) | 0.7 |
| Aspartic acid | 1 (Ref) | 0.86 (0.72, 1.04) | 0.95 (0.79, 1.14) | 0.99 (0.83, 1.19) | 0.91 (0.75, 1.10) | 0.7 |
| Cystine | 1 (Ref) | 0.99 (0.81, 1.20) | 1.04 (0.85, 1.27) | 1.12 (0.92, 1.36) | 1.06 (0.86, 1.30) | 0.4 |
| Glutamic acid | 1 (Ref) | 0.83 (0.69, 1.00) | 1.06 (0.89, 1.27) | 1.01 (0.84, 1.22) | 0.95 (0.78, 1.16) | 0.8 |
| Glycine | 1 (Ref) | 1.13 (0.93, 1.37) | 1.03 (0.85, 1.26) | 1.08 (0.89, 1.32) | 1.09 (0.89, 1.34) | 0.6 |
| Serine | 1 (Ref) | 0.87 (0.72, 1.05) | 1.05 (0.88, 1.25) | 1.03 (0.86, 1.23) | 0.94 (0.78, 1.13) | 0.9 |
| Tyrosine | 1 (Ref) | 0.84 (0.70, 1.01) | 0.95 (0.79, 1.14) | 0.96 (0.80, 1.15) | 0.93 (0.77, 1.11) | 0.9 |
| Sum of non‐essential amino acids | 1 (Ref) | 0.92 (0.77, 1.11) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.17) | 1.03 (0.85, 1.24) | 0.96 (0.80, 1.17) | 1.0 |
a
All analyses were stratified for centre and age at entry and adjusted for baseline values of BMI, height, smoking status, physical activity, educational level, marital status, prevalent diabetes, and energy intake.
b
For animal protein, protein from eggs and plant protein data were missing for the recruitment centre Umeå, Sweden; there was a total of 116,418 men in the analyses for these exposures, including 1282 cases.
c
The number of participants and cases by fifth of intakes are shown in Table S1.
d
ptrend was calculated by rescoring the fifths with their median values.