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. 2023 Feb 13;25:e41892. doi: 10.2196/41892

Table 3.

Result of logit regression models for cesarean delivery with interaction between covariates (n=28,305)a.

Covariates Number of antenatal care visit Place of residence: urban Place of residence: rural

No visits, odds ratio (95% CI) 1-4 visits, odds ratio (95% CI) 4 or more visits, odds ratio (95% CI) No visits, odds ratio (95% CI) 1-4 visits, odds ratio (95% CI) 4 or more visits, odds ratio (95% CI) No visits, odds ratio (95% CI) 1-4 visits, odds ratio (95% CI) 4 or more visits, odds ratio (95% CI)
Place of residence









Urban 1 (1.00-1.00) 1.16b (1.08-1.25) 1.96b (1.83-2.11) c

Rural 0.42b (0.39-0.46) 0.53b (0.49-0.56) 1.22b (1.13-1.30)
Wealth index

Poorest 1 (1.00-1.00) 1.33b (1.20-1.47) 2.92b (2.63-3.25) 1 (1.00-1.00) 0.7 (0.49-1.01) 1.97b (1.39-2.79) 0.50b (0.37-0.69) 0.70d (0.52-0.95) 1.52e (1.13-2.05)

Poorer 2.46b (2.18-2.78) 2.80b (2.53-3.09) 5.50b (4.98-6.07) 1.73e (1.21-2.48) 1.62e (1.18-2.22) 3.12b (2.29-4.26) 1.25 (0.92-1.70) 1.47d (1.09-1.98) 2.88b (2.14-3.87)

Middle 3.92b (3.47-4.43) 4.81b (4.36-5.30) 8.97b (8.14-9.88) 1.94b (1.39-2.71) 2.72b (2.01-3.68) 4.85b (3.59-6.54) 2.13b (1.56-2.90) 2.51b (1.86-3.37) 4.72b (3.51-6.34)

Richer 5.62b (4.96-6.37) 6.51b (5.90-7.19) 11.31b (10.27-12.46) 2.71b (1.96-3.74) 4.06b (3.01-5.48) 6.16b (4.58-8.29) 3.19b (2.33-4.37) 3.13b (2.32-4.21) 5.85b (4.35-7.86)

Richest 10.71b (9.41-12.19) 10.08b (9.12-11.14) 14.86b (13.49-16.37) 6.68b (4.88-9.15) 5.92b (4.39-7.97) 8.27b (6.15-11.12) 4.11b (2.93-5.75) 4.55b (3.37-6.14) 6.95b (5.15-9.37)
Partner’s human capital

Low 1 (1.00-1.00) 1.28d (1.04-1.57) 3.14b (2.56-3.85) 1 (1.00-1.00) 1.06 (0.60-1.89) 1.80d (1.02-3.17) 0.43e (0.23-0.81) 0.58 (0.33-1.02) 1.08 (0.62-1.89)

Moderate 1.80b (1.40-2.32) 1.74b (1.42-2.13) 4.33b (3.55-5.29) 1.88 (0.93-3.83) 1.67 (0.94-2.96) 2.89b (1.64-5.06) 0.45d (0.23-0.90) 0.7 (0.40-1.23) 1.5 (0.86-2.62)

High 1.71b (1.29-2.28) 1.90b (1.54-2.35) 4.81b (3.93-5.90) 2.03 (0.91-4.53) 2.31e (1.30-4.13) 3.21b (1.83-5.65) 0.84 (0.43-1.66) 0.68 (0.39-1.21) 1.54 (0.88-2.70)
Women’s education

Illiterate 1 (1.00-1.00) 1.45e (1.13-1.86) 2.83b (2.18-3.67) 0.53b (0.41-0.68) 0.79d (0.62-1.00) 1.77b (1.39-2.25)

Primary 1.97b (1.45-2.68) 2.27b (1.76-2.92) 3.50b (2.73-4.49) 0.88 (0.67-1.15) 1.23 (0.97-1.56) 2.54b (2.00-3.24)

Secondary 3.57b (2.79-4.57) 4.33b (3.43-5.48) 5.93b (4.70-7.48) 2.07b (1.63-2.63) 2.46b (1.95-3.10) 4.24b (3.36-5.34)

Secondary education and higher 9.14b (6.99-11.96) 8.61b (6.79-10.91) 10.99b (8.71-13.87) 4.66b (3.59-6.04) 4.67b (3.69-5.91) 7.69b (6.09-9.71)

aReligion, caste, and region were controlled.

bP<.001.

cVariables not considered for model analysis.

dP<.05.

eP<.01.