Table 1. Participant Characteristics.
| Baseline characteristic | No. (%) | Cohen da | Total (n = 739), No. (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Opt-in group (n = 270 [36.5%]) | Opt-out group (n = 469 [63.5%]) | |||
| Age at enrollment, mean (SD), y | 51.70 (14.56) | 51.21 (14.80) | 0.03 | 51.39 (14.71) |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 123 (45.56) | 226 (48.19) | 0.06 | 349 (47.23) |
| Male | 147 (54.44) | 243 (51.81) | 0.06 | 390 (52.77) |
| Race and ethnicityb | ||||
| Non-Hispanic | ||||
| Black | 49 (18.15) | 83 (17.70) | 0.02 | 132 (17.86) |
| Multiracial | 51 (18.89) | 75 (15.99) | 0.11 | 126 (17.05) |
| White | 158 (58.52) | 270 (57.57) | 0.02 | 428 (57.92) |
| Otherc | 1 (0.37) | 9 (1.92) | 0.92d | 10 (1.35) |
| Hispanic | 11 (4.07) | 32 (6.82) | 0.30 | 43 (5.82) |
| Emergency admissions | 140 (51.85) | 248 (52.88) | 0.02 | 388 (52.50) |
| Length of stay, mean (SD), d | 5.10 (3.82) | 5.09 (4.68) | <0.01 | 5.10 (4.38) |
| Primary hospital diagnosis (ICD-10) | ||||
| Diseases of the circulatory system | 35 (12.96) | 59 (12.58) | 0.02 | 94 (12.72) |
| Diseases of the respiratory system | 16 (5.93) | 24 (5.12) | 0.09 | 40 (5.41) |
| Neoplasms | 28 (10.37) | 61 (13.01) | 0.14 | 89 (12.0) |
| Mental, behavioral, neurodevelopmental disorders | 4 (1.48) | 14 (2.99) | 0.39 | 18 (2.44) |
| Other | 187 (69.26) | 311 (66.31) | 0.07 | 498 (67.39) |
| Primary insurance | ||||
| Medicare | 92 (34.07) | 166 (35.39) | 0.03 | 258 (34.91) |
| Private | 84 (31.11) | 134 (28.57) | 0.07 | 218 (29.50) |
| Medicaid | 51 (18.89) | 99 (21.11) | 0.08 | 150 (20.30) |
| VA | 11 (4.08) | 6 (1.28) | 0.65d | 17 (2.30) |
| Other public | 5 (1.85) | 9 (1.92) | 0.02 | 14 (1.89) |
| Self-pay/none | 27 (10.00) | 55 (11.73) | 0.10 | 82 (11.10) |
| Age of smoking initiation [n = 736], mean (SD), y | 17.62 (5.95) | 16.90 (6.03) | 0.12 | 17.17 (6.01) |
| Cigarettes smoked per day | 13.31 (8.57) | 12.57 (8.24) | 0.09 | 12.84 (8.36) |
| Smoke within 30 min of waking (n = 736)e | 187 (69.52) | 308 (65.95) | 0.09 | 495 (67.26) |
| Heaviness of smoking index (HSI), mean (SD)f | 2.47 (1.47) | 2.23 (1.42) | 0.17 | 2.32 (1.45) |
| Willing to stay quit after discharge22 | 173 (64.07) | 311 (66.31) | 0.05 | 484 (65.49) |
| Interest in quitting smoking (range, 0-10; n = 731), mean (SD) | 6.80 (3.01) | 6.60 (3.21) | 0.06 | 6.67 (3.14) |
| Confidence to quit/stay quit (range, 0-10; n = 722), mean (SD) | 7.11 (2.91) | 6.87 (3.04) | 0.08 | 6.95 (3.00) |
| Use e-cigarettes in the past 30 d | 13 (4.81) | 38 (8.10) | 0.31 | 51 (6.90) |
| Use other forms of tobacco, past 30 d | 20 (7.41) | 41 (8.74) | 0.10 | 61 (8.25) |
| Live with other smoker (n = 738) | 134 (49.63) | 235 (50.21) | 0.05 | 369 (50.00) |
| Past use of medication/counseling | 151 (55.93) | 276 (58.85) | 0.07 | 427 (57.78) |
| Ban smoking in home | 106 (39.26) | 199 (42.43) | 0.07 | 305 (41.27) |
Abbreviations: ICD-10, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision; VA, Veterans Affairs.
Cohen d, effect size interpretation: <0.2 negligible, 0.2-0.5 small, >0.5-0.8 medium, >0.8 large.23
Race and ethnicity variables were included because they are known to be highly associated with tobacco use and cessation, and they are required by the study funder, the National Institutes of Health.
American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian, or other Pacific Islander.
Medium/large effect size, Cohen d.
Smoking within 30 minutes of waking indicates clinically substantial nicotine dependence.
HSI is a 2-item measure combining cigarettes per day with time to first cigarette: 0-2 = low addiction, 3-4 = moderate addiction, and 5-6 = high addiction.24