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. 2022 Aug 4;41(2):264–284. doi: 10.1177/0734242X221116212

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© The Author(s) 2022

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 3. — Schematic diagram of three systems for different arrangements of FO process, calcium pre-treatment and struvite precipitation. A1: FO – calcium pre-treatment – struvite precipitation, A2: calcium pre-treatment – FO – struvite precipitation and A3: calcium pre-treatment – struvite precipitation – FO. Reprinted from Wu et al. (2018) with permission from Elsevier (license number: 5121960273804).

FO: forward osmosis.