Table. Participants’ Demographic and Neuropsychological Featuresa.
| Characteristic | Mean (SD) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VAC-FTD (n = 17) | NVA-FTD (n = 51) | HC (n = 51) | ||
| Clinical diagnosis, No. (%) | ||||
| svPPA | 8 (47.1) | 24 (47.1) | NA | NA |
| bvFTD | 3 (17.6) | 9 (17.6) | NA | NA |
| nfvPPA | 2 (11.8) | 6 (11.8) | NA | NA |
| PSP-RS | 2 (11.8) | 6 (11.8) | NA | NA |
| CBS | 1 (5.9) | 3 (5.9) | NA | NA |
| ALS | 1 (5.9) | 3 (5.9) | NA | NA |
| Age at MRI scan, y | 65 (9.7) | 64.8 (7) | 64.5 (7.2) | >.99 |
| Sex, No. (%) | ||||
| Male | 7 (41.1) | 26 (51.0) | 26 (51.0) | .76 |
| Female | 10 (58.8) | 25 (49.0) | 25 (49.0) | |
| Handedness, No. (%) | ||||
| Right | 14 (82.4) | 42 (82.4) | 43 (84.3) | .96 |
| Left | 3 (17.6) | 9 (17.6) | 8 (15.7) | |
| Education, yb | 16.1 (4.7) | 16.6 (2.1) | 16.7 (2) | .77 |
| Race and ethnicity, No. (%) | ||||
| Asian | 0 | 1 (2.0) | 8 (15.7) | NA |
| Hispanic | 0 | 1 (2.0) | 0 | |
| White | 17 (100) | 49 (96.1) | 38 (74.5) | |
| Not reported | 0 | 0 | 5 (9.8) | |
| CDR-SB (maximum, 18) | 4.6 (2.8) | 4.6 (3.1) | 0 (0) | .94 |
| Mini-Mental State Examination score (maximum, 30)c | 27.1 (2.6) | 22.7 (6.2) | NA | .004 |
| Boston Naming Test (maximum, 15)c | 10.4 (4.5) | 8.4 (5.5) | NA | .17 |
| Phonemic fluency (D words/1 min)c | 7.4 (4.2) | 7.3 (4.8) | NA | .52 |
| Semantic fluency (animals/1 min) | 10.9 (4.4) | 9.8 (6) | NA | .46 |
| Modified Rey-O copy (maximum, 17)c | 15.3 (1.2) | 14.6 (2.5) | NA | .53 |
| CVLT SF | ||||
| 4 Trials (maximum, 36) | 22.1 (5.3) | 17.6 (7.7) | NA | .01 |
| 30-s Recall (maximum, 9) | 5.6 (2) | 3.8 (2.8) | NA | .01 |
| 10-min Recall (maximum, 9)c | 4.4 (2.9) | 3.1 (3) | NA | .14 |
| Recognition hitsc | 7.4 (1.5) | 7.1 (2.3) | NA | >.99 |
| Modified Rey-O Figure | ||||
| 10-min Delay (maximum, 17) | 9.9 (3.4) | 6.4 (4.7) | NA | .002 |
| Recognition (yes/no) | 0.8 (0.4) | 0.8 (0.4) | NA | .72 |
| Digit span backwardc | 4.4 (1.2) | 4.1 (1.2) | NA | .35 |
| Modified trails | ||||
| Correct lines/1 min | 22.7 (15.4) | 19.3 (12.3) | NA | .42 |
| Errorsc | 1.1 (1.4) | 1 (1.3) | NA | .81 |
| Design fluency (correct designs/1 min) | 8.2 (3.7) | 6.5 (3.1) | NA | .14 |
| NPI subscale responses, yes, No. (%) | ||||
| Delusions | 2 (12) | 5 (10) | NA | .82 |
| Hallucinations | 1 (6) | 3 (6) | NA | >.99 |
| Agitation | 8 (47) | 22 (43) | NA | .78 |
| Elation | 3 (18) | 22 (43) | NA | .06 |
| Anxiety | 8 (47) | 23 (45) | NA | .89 |
| Depression | 6 (35) | 24 (47) | NA | .40 |
| Irritability | 8 (47) | 25 (49) | NA | .89 |
| Motor disturbance | 8 (47) | 31 (61) | NA | .32 |
| Nighttime behaviors | 6 (35) | 31 (61) | NA | .07 |
| Appetite | 10 (59) | 35 (69) | NA | .46 |
| Apathy | 10 (59) | 38 (75) | NA | .22 |
| Disinhibition | 9 (53) | 38 (75) | NA | .10 |
Abbreviations: ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; bvFTD, behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia; CBS, corticobasal syndrome; CDR-SB, Clinical Dementia Rating scale sum of boxes; CVLT SF, California Verbal Learning Test Short Form; HC, healthy controls; MRI, magnetic resonance image; NA, not applicable; nfvPPA, nonfluent variant of primary progressive aphasia; NPI, Neuropsychiatric Inventory; NVA-FTD, frontotemporal dementia spectrum disease without emergence of visual artistic creativity; PSP-RS progressive supranuclear palsy with Richardson syndrome; svPPA, semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia; VAC-FTD, frontotemporal dementia spectrum disease and emergence of visual artistic creativity.
All cognitive measures were available for at least 80% of participants in each group. NPI measures were available for all participants.
Kruskal-Wallis test was used.
Mann-Whitney test was used.