Table 3.
Structural equation models testing whether placement experiences predict adult criminal arrests and internalizing symptoms of anxiety and depression via sleep problems for male and female participants separately
| Females | Males | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beta | SE | 95% CI | P | Beta | SE | 95% CI | P | |
| Total effect | −0.11 | 0.08 | −0.24, 0.05 | .164 | −0.01 | 0.07 | −0.17, 0.12 | .960 |
| Direct: Placement only-> Adult arrests | −0.12 | 0.11 | −0.31, 0.11 | .269 | −0.07 | 0.13 | −0.36, 0.07 | .659 |
| Placement only -> Sleep problems | 0.21 | 0.11 | 0.00, 0.40 | .050 | 0.33 | 0.12 | 0.08, 0.74 | .034 |
| Sleep problems -> Adult arrests | 0.06 | 0.15 | −0.31, 0.36 | .717 | 0.20 | 0.14 | −0.03, 0.53 | .353 |
| Placement only -> Sleep problems -> Adult arrests | 0.01 | 0.05 | −0.06, 0.12 | .767 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.00, 0.65 | .657 |
| Total effect | 0.30 | 0.11 | 0.08, 0.49 | .006 | 0.21 | 0.09 | −0.02, 0.36 | .025 |
| Direct: Placement for CM & delinquency-> Adult arrests | 0.25 | 0.16 | −0.12, 0.51 | .137 | 0.20 | 0.11 | −0.05, 0.37 | .054 |
| Placement for CM & delinquency -> Sleep problems | 0.32 | 0.17 | −0.13, 0.64 | .103 | 0.31 | 0.15 | 0.03, 0.53 | .036 |
| Sleep problems -> Adult arrests | 0.16 | 0.20 | −0.49, 0.65 | .581 | 0.02 | 0.15 | −0.29, 0.35 | .918 |
| Placement for CM & delinquency->Sleep problems->Adult arrests | 0.05 | 0.11 | −0.08, 0.36 | .654 | 0.01 | 0.07 | −0.12, 0.18 | .944 |
| Total effect | −0.04 | 0.08 | −0.18, 0.14 | .659 | 0.04 | 0.07 | −0.18, 0.14 | .622 |
| Direct: Placement only-> Internalizing symptoms | −0.08 | 0.09 | −0.24, 0.11 | .357 | −0.07 | 0.11 | −0.48, 0.08 | .510 |
| Placement only -> Sleep problems | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.01, 0.39 | .039 | 0.32 | 0.14 | 0.02, 0.54 | .025 |
| Sleep problems -> Internalizing symptoms | 0.21 | 0.14 | −0.04, 0.51 | .138 | 0.35 | 0.18 | 0.02, 0.81 | .051 |
| Placement only -> Sleep problems -> Internalizing | 0.04 | 0.04 | −0.01, 0.16 | .284 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.00, 0.43 | .218 |
| Total effect | −0.11 | 0.07 | −0.25, 0.03 | .135 | 0.17 | 0.13 | −0.09, 0.39 | .189 |
| Direct: Placement for CM & delinquency-> Internalizing | −0.17 | 0.11 | −0.38, 0.03 | .119 | 0.05 | 0.28 | −0.25, 0.36 | .855 |
| Placement for CM & delinquency -> Sleep problems | 0.31 | 0.19 | −0.19, 0.58 | .105 | 0.37 | 0.14 | 0.01, 0.62 | .008 |
| Sleep problems -> Internalizing symptoms | 0.19 | 0.18 | −0.17, 0.54 | .295 | 0.31 | 0.30 | −0.05, 0.66 | .344 |
| Placement for CM & delinquency->Sleep problems->Internalizing | 0.06 | 0.07 | −0.03, 0.25 | .436 | 0.12 | 0.26 | 0.00, 0.38 | .667 |
Note. CM = child maltreatment. Placement only = placement for maltreatment only. Comparison group for both “placement only” and “placement for CM & delinquency” is “no-placement”. Beta = standardized coefficient; SE = standard error; CI = confidence interval. Controlling for age and race. See Supplementary Material for model fit statistics.