FIG 1.

Federal and institutional regulations. A brief breakdown of current U.S. Department of Health and Human Services regulations on microbiology research and the implementation of federal requirements by individual institutions, through various committees and processes. Important additional oversight that is not shown includes that provided by occupational health services to ensure safety of research personnel, and federal and institutional regulation of research involving vertebrate animals or human subjects, which are overseen by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUC; animal research) and Institutional Review Boards (IRB; human subjects research).