Table 2.
Formulation (g·kg−1), proximate composition (%, wet weight), gross energy (MJ·kg−1, wet weight) amino acid and fatty acid profile (w %) of the control, and experimental diets used in the digestibility experiment.
| Ingredients | CONTR diet | BSL diet | MW diet | BBF diet |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fish meal1 | 399 | 280 | 280 | 280 |
| Winter wheat2 | 330 | 230 | 230 | 230 |
| Soybean protein concentrate3 | 130 | 91 | 91 | 91 |
| Corn gluten4 | 110 | 77 | 77 | 77 |
| Vitamin/mineral premix5 | 30 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
| Insect meal6 | 0 | 300 | 300 | 300 |
| Yttrium-oxide7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
|
| ||||
| Proximate composition % (mean ± SD) | ||||
| Dry matter | 95.69 ± 0.02 | 95.30 ± 0.06 | 96.87 ± 0.06 | 96.05 ± 0.01 |
| Crude protein∗ | 47.13 ± 0.14 | 50.10 ± 1.00 | 53.14 ± 0.75 | 48.96 ± 0.60 |
| Crude fat | 5.80 ± 0.12 | 8.50 ± 0.05 | 5.90 ± 0.45 | 12.10 ± 0.79 |
| Crude fiber | 1.43 ± 0.07 | 4.05 ± 0.03 | 1.70 ± 0.01 | 3.55 ± 0.17 |
| Crude ash | 9.01 ± 0.04 | 8.33 ± 0.04 | 8.34 ± 0.04 | 7.66 ± 0.01 |
| Phosphorus | 1.03 ± 0.01 | 0.89 ± 0.01 | 0.85 ± 0.02 | 0.94 ± 0.03 |
| Calcium | 1.79 ± 0.01 | 1.98 ± 0.00 | 1.35 ± 0.00 | 1.40 ± 0.07 |
| Gross energy (MJ·kg−1) | 18.63 ± 0.06 | 19.92 ± 0.04 | 19.23 ± 0.02 | 20.66 ± 0.04 |
| Acid detergent fiber (ADF) | 2.13 ± 0.33 | 6.11 ± 0.76 | 10.06 ± 0.47 | 6.34 ± 0.12 |
| Chitin8 | 0.13 ± 0.05 | 4.91 ± 0.54 | 2.94 ± 0.56 | 3.06 ± 0.37 |
|
| ||||
| Essential amino acid (EAA) (%) | ||||
| Arginine (ARG) | 2.59 | 2.80 | 3.01 | 2.79 |
| Histidine (HIS) | 0.97 | 1.12 | 1.01 | 1.28 |
| Isoleucine (ILE) | 1.82 | 2.01 | 1.83 | 1.96 |
| Leucine (LEU) | 4.01 | 3.98 | 4.22 | 3.91 |
| Lysine (LYS) | 4.35 | 4.61 | 4.45 | 5.29 |
| Methionine (MET) | 0.89 | 0.94 | 0.93 | 1.01 |
| Threonine (THR) | 1.88 | 2.05 | 2.02 | 2.09 |
| Phenylalanine (PHE) | 2.21 | 2.36 | 2.42 | 2.82 |
| Tryptophan (TRP) | 3.07 | 3.07 | 3.64 | 3.38 |
| Valine (VAL) | 2.19 | 2.70 | 2.46 | 2.46 |
| ΣEAA | 23.99 | 25.63 | 25.99 | 27.00 |
| ΣAA | 42.88 | 45.49 | 46.16 | 47.22 |
|
| ||||
| Fatty acids (FA) w % (mean ± SD) | ||||
| 12 : 0 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 20.79 ± 0.25 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 0.29 ± 0.02 |
| 14 : 0 | 4.33 ± 0.02 | 6.22 ± 0.02 | 3.87 ± 0.03 | 2.44 ± 0.00 |
| 16 : 0 | 18.20 ± 0.66 | 14.91 ± 0.07 | 18.15 ± 0.03 | 18.26 ± 0.04 |
| 16 : 1n − 9 | 0.29 ± 0.01 | 0.31 ± 0.01 | 0.32 ± 0.01 | 3.47 ± 0.00 |
| 16 : 1n − 7 | 4.51 ± 0.00 | 3.81 ± 0.02 | 4.12 ± 0.03 | 8.76 ± 0.04 |
| 18 : 0 | 2.83 ± 0.01 | 2.25 ± 0.03 | 3.61 ± 0.01 | 2.79 ± 0.03 |
| 18 : 1n − 9 | 15.54 ± 0.04 | 15.45 ± 0.10 | 18.57 ± 0.04 | 26.35 ± 0.12 |
| 18 : 2n − 6 | 12.04 ± 0.07 | 12.34 ± 0.12 | 14.65 ± 0.10 | 20.59 ± 0.12 |
| 18 : 3n − 3 | 1.67 ± 0.06 | 1.12 ± 0.01 | 1.56 ± 0.02 | 0.96 ± 0.02 |
| 20 : 4n − 6 | 0.48 ± 0.01 | 0.26 ± 0.00 | 0.46 ± 0.00 | 1.29 ± 0.00 |
| 20 : 5n − 3 (EPA) | 7.08 ± 0.01 | 3.75 ± 0.05 | 5.89 ± 0.03 | 2.07 ± 0.05 |
| 22 : 6n − 3 (DHA) | 12.43 ± 0.03 | 6.27 ± 0.12 | 10.24 ± 0.12 | 3.33 ± 0.04 |
| SFA | 26.86 ± 0.03 | 45.47 ± 0.16 | 27.24 ± 0.07 | 24.47 ± 0.04 |
| MUFA | 31.34 ± 0.02 | 25.34 ± 0.16 | 32.69 ± 0.09 | 42.63 ± 0.19 |
| PUFA | 38.08 ± 0.02 | 26.51 ± 0.11 | 36.71 ± 0.01 | 29.88 ± 0.03 |
| EPA + DHA | 19.51 ± 0.02 | 10.02 ± 0.07 | 16.14 ± 0.09 | 5.40 ± 0.10 |
| Total lipid (mg·g−1) | 37.15 ± 0.80 | 47.79 ± 0.33 | 30.57 ± 0.07 | 90.10 ± 1.03 |
1999 LT Fish meal, TripleNine Fish Protein A/S, Esbjerg, Denmark. 2Supplied from a local feed mill, Novi Sad, Serbia. 3Tradkon SPC500-P, Sojaprotein, Bečej, Serbia. 4Starch Industry, Jabuka DOO, Pančevo, Serbia. 5Ravago Chemicals (Feketić, Serbia). 6BSL: black soldier fly larvae supplied by Agroloop Ltd.; MW: yellow mealworm from Berg and Schmidt Pte. Ltd., Singapore; BBF: blue bottle fly produced by Csali Hungary Ltd. 7Alfa Aesar, Thermo Fisher (Kandel) GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany. 8Chitin% = ash free ADF% − ADF protein% following the method presented by Marono [44]. ∗Protein was calculated by applying a nitrogen to protein conversion factor of Kp = 6.25.