Table 1.
Formulation and proximate composition of the experimental diets (air dry basis, g/kg).
| Ingredient | Control | High SBM | High SBM+0.5% NaP | High SBM+1.0% NaP |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fish meala | 600.0 | 330.0 | 330.0 | 330.0 |
| Soybean mealb | 0.0 | 356.9 | 356.9 | 356.9 |
| Wheat gluten mealc | 44.6 | 87.5 | 87.5 | 87.5 |
| Wheat meald | 225.9 | 41.9 | 41.9 | 41.9 |
| Beer yeaste | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 |
| Fish oil | 30.5 | 53.1 | 53.1 | 53.1 |
| Soy lecithin | 25.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 |
| Monocalcium phosphate | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
| Vitamin premixf | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 |
| Mineral premixg | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 |
| Choline chloride (99%) | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 |
| Calcium propionate | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Ethoxyquin | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| Attractantsh | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 |
| Sodium alginate | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
| Microcrystalline cellulose | 0.0 | 31.6 | 26.6 | 21.6 |
| Sodium propionatei | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.0 | 10.0 |
| Proximate composition (dry matter basis, g/kg) | ||||
| Crude protein | 517.1 | 512.2 | 507.6 | 503.8 |
| Crude lipid | 119.2 | 118.1 | 123.1 | 126.2 |
| Crude ash | 119.4 | 103.7 | 108.6 | 110.7 |
Abbreviations: SBM: soybean meal diet; NaP: sodium propionate. aPurchased from Qingdao Seven Great Bio-tech Company Limited (Qingdao, China), crude protein: 711.6 g/kg, crude lipid: 103.4 g/kg (dry matter basis). bPurchased from Qingdao Seven Great Bio-tech Company Limited (Qingdao, China), crude protein: 538.4 g/kg, crude lipid: 27.2 g/kg (dry matter basis). cPurchased from Qingdao Fulin Company Limited (Qingdao, China), crude protein:858.9 g/kg, crude lipid: 22.5 g/kg (dry matter basis). dPurchased from Qingdao Fulin Company Limited (Qingdao, China), crude protein:199.9 g/kg, crude lipid: 29.0 g/kg (dry matter basis). ePurchased from Qingdao Fulin Company Limited (Qingdao, China), crude protein:477.6 g/kg, crude lipid: 17.2 g/kg (dry matter basis). fVitamin premix (mg kg−1 diet): retinyl acetate (500000 IU/g), 32; thiamine HCl (98%), 25; riboflavin (80%), 45; niacin (99%), 200; D-calcium pantothenate (98%), 60; pyridoxine HCl (99%), 20; inositol (98%), 800; folic acid (98%), 20; cyanocobalamin (1%), 10; ascorbic acid (35%), 120; cholecalciferol (500000 IU/g), 5; ɑ-tocopheryl acetate (50%), 240; biotin (2%), 60; menadione sodium bisulphite (51%), 10; ethoxyquin (100%), 3; microcrystalline cellulose (100%), 11470. gMineral premix (mg kg−1 diet): CoCl2·6H2O (1%), 50; CuSO4·5H2O (25%), 10; FeSO4·H2O (30%), 80; ZnSO4·H2O (34.50%), 50; MnSO4·H2O (31.80%), 45; MgSO4·H2O (15%), 1200; Na2SeO3 (1%), 20; calcium iodine (1%), 60; zeolite powder, 13512. hBetaine: DMPT: threonine: glycine: inosine-5-diphosphate trisodium salt =4: 2: 2: 1: 1. iPurchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (USA). The batch number was 303,410–500G, and the purity was more than 98%.