Lung pathology associated with E protein PBM of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. Lung histopathology scores were examined in lung samples taken from K18-hACE2 (A), K18-hDPP2 (C), and BALB/c mice (E) infected with SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV parental and mutant viruses, respectively, as indicated in Materials and Methods (n = 3/group), and euthanized at day 2 and 4 postinfection (dpi). Representative lung histopathological sections (H&E staining) from infected K18-hACE2 (B), K18-hDPP4 (D), and BALB/c (F) mice are shown (magnification: 10×). Mean and SD of cumulative histopathological lesion scores are represented. Unpaired t test: *, P < 0.05; ***, P < 0.001.