TABLE 1.
Comparisons of clinical parameters among unsupervised-stratification-based clusters in a discovery cohorta
| Category | Mean ± SEM |
P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cluster 1 (n = 132) | Cluster 2 (n = 96) | Cluster 3 (n = 30) | ||
| Glycemic category (ADA criteria) | ||||
| NGT (n) | 67 | 16 | 0 | / |
| IFG (n) | 34 | 16 | 0 | / |
| IGT (n) | 12 | 20 | 0 | / |
| CGI (n) | 17 | 20 | 0 | / |
| T2D (n) | 2 | 24 | 30 | / |
| General information | ||||
| Age (yrs) | 57.42 ± 0.57A (131) | 57.59 ± 0.62A (95) | 60.83 ± 1.01B (30) | 9.2E–03 |
| Gender (no. of females/no. of males) | 68/64 | 53/43 | 11/19 | NS |
| Glycometabolism indicators | ||||
| HbA1c (%) | 5.49 ± 0.03A (132) | 5.76 ± 0.05B (96) | 7.1 ± 0.19C (30) | 4.6E–16 |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 5.47 ± 0.05A (132) | 5.7 ± 0.08B (96) | 8.45 ± 0.28C (30) | 4.5E–18 |
| 0.5-h PBG (mmol/L) | 9.22 ± 0.15A (129) | 10.1 ± 0.23B (91) | 13.06 ± 0.5C (26) | 3.9E–11 |
| 1-h PBG (mmol/L) | 8.77 ± 0.2A (129) | 10.84 ± 0.32B (91) | 16.29 ± 0.57C (26) | 6.4E–18 |
| 2-h PBG (mmol/L) | 6.66 ± 0.14A (132) | 8.76 ± 0.27B (96) | 15.21 ± 0.52C (30) | 6.6E–24 |
| 3-h PBG (mmol/L) | 4.41 ± 0.11A (125) | 5.44 ± 0.21B (87) | 10.12 ± 0.5C (26) | 2.4E–16 |
| Glucose AUC (mmol/L/min) | 1253.99 ± 23.93A (132) | 1480.7 ± 43.71B (96) | 2213.3 ± 131.75C (30) | 3.7E–14 |
| HOMA-IR | 0.8 ± 0.04A (130) | 1.6 ± 0.11B (91) | 1.33 ± 0.23B (28) | 6.7E–09 |
| HOMA-IS | 1.69 ± 0.09A (130) | 1.02 ± 0.08B (91) | 1.28 ± 0.15B (28) | 6.7E–09 |
| HOMA-β | 38.09 ± 2.66A (130) | 63.18 ± 4.77B (91) | 14.71 ± 2.19C (28) | 4.1E–14 |
| Fasting insulin (μU/mL) | 3.32 ± 0.16A (130) | 6.24 ± 0.41B (91) | 3.45 ± 0.53A (28) | 3.6E–09 |
| 0.5-h insulin (μU/mL) | 20.88 ± 1.3A (127) | 31.8 ± 2.35B (87) | 6.62 ± 0.84C (28) | 5.6E–15 |
| 1-h insulin (μU/mL) | 24.51 ± 1.29A (127) | 42.33 ± 2.95B (87) | 11.18 ± 1.54C (28) | 7.6E–13 |
| 2-h insulin (μU/mL) | 19.64 ± 1.38A (131) | 43.44 ± 3.77B (91) | 13.15 ± 1.74A (28) | 1.6E–12 |
| 3-h insulin (μU/mL) | 5.07 ± 0.44A (127) | 14.44 ± 1.51B (87) | 8.67 ± 1.19B (28) | 7.3E–12 |
| Insulin AUC (μU/mL/min) | 3028.32 ± 156.09A (130) | 5745.88 ± 377.77B (91) | 1802.82 ± 197.32C (28) | 1.2E–15 |
| Fasting C-peptide (nmol/L) | 1.19 ± 0.05A (131) | 1.96 ± 0.11B (91) | 1.32 ± 0.17A (28) | 2.6E–09 |
| 0.5-h C-peptide (nmol/L) | 3.67 ± 0.17A (127) | 5.24 ± 0.32B (87) | 1.86 ± 0.22C (28) | 1.2E–11 |
| 1-h C-peptide (nmol/L) | 4.91 ± 0.23A (127) | 7.28 ± 0.44B (87) | 2.67 ± 0.3C (28) | 7.6E–12 |
| 2-h C-peptide (nmol/L) | 4.81 ± 0.24A (131) | 8.09 ± 0.42B (91) | 4.08 ± 0.54A (28) | 3.3E–12 |
| 3-h C-peptide (nmol/L) | 2.41 ± 0.13A (127) | 4.63 ± 0.29B (87) | 3.47 ± 0.37C (28) | 1.7E–11 |
| Anthropometric markers | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.75 ± 0.18A (132) | 27.86 ± 0.28B (96) | 25.17 ± 0.58A (30) | 6.4E–21 |
| Ht (cm) | 160.62 ± 0.67 (132) | 161.81 ± 0.86 (96) | 163.83 ± 1.06 (30) | 9.9E–02 |
| Wt (kg) | 61.39 ± 0.68A (132) | 72.88 ± 0.87B (96) | 67.71 ± 1.89C (30) | 5.7E–17 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 80.79 ± 0.51A (132) | 91.57 ± 0.67B (96) | 84.82 ± 1.63A (30) | 9.9E–23 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 92.54 ± 0.34A (132) | 99.5 ± 0.57B (96) | 96.04 ± 1.03C (30) | 1.5E–17 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.87 ± 0A (132) | 0.92 ± 0B (96) | 0.88 ± 0.01A (30) | 8.9E–11 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 128.62 ± 1.1A (132) | 133.58 ± 1.41B (96) | 127.13 ± 2.19A (30) | 3.2E–03 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 81.58 ± 0.68 (132) | 83.21 ± 0.74 (96) | 82 ± 1.55 (30) | 9.4E–02 |
| Lipometabolism indicators | ||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.84 ± 0.1A (127) | 2.41 ± 0.16B (91) | 1.8 ± 0.25AB (27) | 1.1E–02 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 0.66 ± 0.04A (127) | 1.3 ± 0.16B (91) | 1.05 ± 0.25AB (27) | 8.5E–04 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 0.63 ± 0.04 (127) | 0.7 ± 0.04 (91) | 0.56 ± 0.08 (27) | 1.2E–01 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 1.06 ± 0.1 (127) | 1.11 ± 0.1 (91) | 0.8 ± 0.12 (27) | 2.4E–01 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 0.34 ± 0.03A (95) | 0.51 ± 0.04B (78) | 0.36 ± 0.05AB (27) | 1.1E–02 |
| Inflammatory indicators | ||||
| LBP (μg/mL) | 12.55 ± 0.53A (77) | 14.12 ± 0.51B (64) | 16.51 ± 0.92C (24) | 1.2E–04 |
A Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the differences among the three clusters. For comparisons between two clusters, we used the Wilcoxon rank sum test (adjusted by FDR) for continuous variables and the chi-squared test for categorical variables. Data indicated by the same superscript letters were not significantly different (FDR > 0.05). n, number of samples; FBG, fasting blood glucose; PBG, postprandial blood glucose; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure. LBP, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein. HOMA-IR = [FBG (mmol/L) × fasting insulin (μU/mL)]/22.5; HOMA-IS = 22.5/(FBG × fasting insulin); HOMA-β = (20 × fasting insulin)/(FBG −3.5).