Table 1.

Examples of perioperative quality indicator sets published by anesthesiologists’ societies on the internet

Anesthesiologists’ societies	Related web page	Topics covered by the quality indicators	Comments
German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (DGAI) and Association of German Anaesthetists (BDA)	https://www.dgai.de/publikationen/vereinbarungen.html#viii__qualitaetssicherung	Ten indicators including: safety protocols required by HD; [3] DGAI's core dataset; CIRS and/or M&M conferences; PBM; temperature management; WHO SSC; M&M report; handover & discharge protocols; routine postop. anesthesiologic visit (SOP or instructions); physician staffing according to DGAI [41▪▪,74,75]	Implementation of these ten indicators was found to be mostly feasible, but no hospital had implemented all indicators [41▪▪] Mortality is tracked until 24 h postoperatively [41▪▪]
Swiss Society for Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (SSAPM)	https://ssapm.ch/qualitaet/programm-a-qua/a-qua-datensatz-und-codierung/	Part 1: Annual institution related structure data including setting, staffing, operating rooms, number of anesthetics, etc. [76] Part 2: Case-related process, outcome, and service data [76]	Part 1 and 2 data reporting to SSAPM is mandatory for teaching hospitals [77]. Until 2020, only approximately 55% of anesthesia departments participated in Part 1 [78] Mortality is measured up to 24 h postoperatively [76]
Austrian Society of Anaesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care (ÖGARI)	https://www.oegari.at/arbeitsgruppen/plattform-kennzahlen-outcome	Website presents quality indicators (or key data, respectively) separately for intensive care, emergency medicine, anesthesia (preoperative, (intra) operative, postoperative) [79]	72-h follow-up: mortality, neurological abnormalities, patient satisfaction, regional anesthesia & catheter care post anesthesia; 48-h follow-up: unplanned ICU readmission [79]
Danish Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (DASAIM), and RKKP	https://www.rkkp.dk/kvalitetsdatabaser/databaser/dansk-anaestesi-database/	Danish Anesthesia Database (DAD): Data are collected according to 13 process and outcome indicators [68]. Reporting is mandatory; coverage is increasing [68]	DAD: part of a National Clinical Database, but DASAIM is represented in steering board [68]. DAD data can be linked to 30-day and 90-day mortality rates in other databases [68,80]
Royal College of Anaesthetists (RCoA) - Perioperative Quality Improvement Programme (PQIP)	https://rcoa.ac.uk/research/research-projects/perioperative-quality-improvement-programme-pqip	Data collection: Patient characteristics, perioperative processes, clinical outcomes (including failure to rescue) and patient-related outcome measures in major noncardiac surgery [81,82].	PQIP: Combined research/quality improvement initiative: Participating hospitals receive a live dashboard of results, and regular reports [82]. Long-term mortality rates are tracked by linking PQIP data to national mortality registry data [82]
American Society of Anesthesiologists – Anesthesia Quality Institute (AQI)	https://www.aqihq.org/indicators.aspx	AQI recommended indicators include: business/structure indicators, process indicators, clinical outcome indicators, patient experience indicators [83]. AQI runs the National Anesthesia Clinical Outcomes Registry (NACOR) [84]	Follow up: In NACOR, perioperative mortality includes deaths occurring intraoperatively or during the immediate postoperative period until discharge from the PACU [85]
Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA)	https://www.anzca.edu.au/safety-advocacy/standards-of-practice/policies,-statements,-and-guidelines	An ANZCA educational professional guideline document provides an overview of quality assurance and quality improvement in anesthesia [86]. Structure, process and outcome measure examples are listed [86]	The guideline document outlines topics for measure examples, but without specific definitions (e.g., follow-up period for mortality) [86]
World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists (WFSA)	https://wfsahq.org/our-work/safety-quality/utstein-surgical-indicators/	Indicator set for tracking timely access to safe surgical, anesthesia and obstetric care (national level) [87▪]: Surgical volume; geospatial access; workforce; perioperative mortality; catastrophic expenditure [88]	WFSA has revised indicators proposed by the Lancet Commission on Global Health [87▪]. Perioperative mortality follow-up includes deaths before discharge (up to 30 days) [87▪]

CIRS, critical incident reporting system; HD, Helsinki Declaration on Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology [3]; M&M, morbidity and mortality; PACU, post anesthesia care unit; PBM, patient blood management; SOP, standard operating procedure; WHO SSC, World Health Organization surgical safety checklist. English names of the European NAS are listed according to the NAS website of the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care (ESAIC) [89].