Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics
| Total | LVZ <5% | LVZ >5% | P value | ||||
| n=262 | n=190 | 72.5% | n=72 | 27.4% | |||
| Age, y | 61.2±10.9 | 58.8±11.0 | 67.3±7.8 | <0.001 | |||
| Sex, female | 82 | 31.3% | 52 | 27.4% | 30 | 41.6% | 0.04 |
| Hypertension | 150 | 57.3% | 76 | 40.0% | 34 | 47.2% | 0.3 |
| Diabetes | 30 | 11.4% | 19 | 10.0% | 11 | 15.2% | 0.3 |
| Previous transient ischemic attack or stroke | 12 | 4.6% | 6 | 3.2% | 6 | 8.3% | 0.1 |
| Coronary artery disease | 45 | 17.2% | 30 | 15.7% | 15 | 20.8% | 0.4 |
| CHA2DS2‐VASc | 1 | 0–2 | 1 | 0–2 | 2 | 1–3 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index | 28.6±4.8 | 28.5±4.7 | 28.8±5.0 | 0.5 | |||
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL | 12 | 4.6% | 15 | 7.8% | 8 | 11.3% | 0.3 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 23 | 8.8% | 7 | 3.7% | 5 | 7.0% | 0.4 |
| Persistent AF | 132 | 50.4% | 82 | 43.2% | 50 | 69.4% | <0.001 |
| Years of AF history | 1.9 | 0.7–4.7 | 1.5 | 0.7–4.4 | 2.5 | 1.1–5.6 | 0.08 |
| Ejection fraction, % | 58.4±11.2 | 59.1±9.7 | 56.1±14.4 | 0.09 | |||
| Left atrium diameter, mm | 41.3±12.1 | 42.1±8.2 | 45.3±8.4 | 0.01 | |||
| Electroanatomical voltage mapping data | |||||||
| Left atrial volume index, mL/m2 | 67.3±16.5 | 64.6±16.4 | 74.6±14.7 | <0.001 | |||
| Sinus rhythm at the beginning of procedure | 174 | 66.4% | 133 | 70.0% | 41 | 56.9% | 0.04 |
| % Area of TrZ | 7.0 | 2.6–14.3 | 5.7 | 1.5–9.8 | 21.8 | 11.1–28.2 | <0.001 |
| Area of TrZ, cm2 | 8.9 | 2.8–17.6 | 6.4 | 1.9–11.6 | 25.8 | 14.2–35.0 | <0.001 |
Continuous variables are shown as mean ± SD or median and interquartile range. Discrete variables are presented as numbers and percentages (%).
AF indicates atrial fibrillation; LVZ, low‐voltage zone (<0.5 mV in sinus rhythm, <0.3 mV in atrial flutter, <0.24 mV in AF); and TrZ, transition zone (0.5–1 mV for maps in sinus rhythm). Years of AF history stands for “years since the first diagnosis of AF.”