Table 1.
Baseline Demographics of Overall Study Population, Control Cohort, HF Cohort, and VT/VF Cohort With Respect to Race, Age, Sex, and Various Cardiac Risk Factors
| Demographics | Overall (n=148) | Controls (n=85) | CHF (n=36) | VT/VF (n=39) | P value (HF vs controls) | P value (VT/VF vs controls) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) or Median (25th percentile, 75th percentile) | Mean (SD) or Median (25th percentile, 75th percentile) | Mean (SD) or Median (25th percentile, 75th percentile) | Mean (SD) or Median (25th percentile, 75th percentile) | |||
| Age at device implantation, y | 58.4 (12.5) | 59.0 (13.0) | 56.5 (10.7) | 56.5 (12.4) | 0.14 | 0.16 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 29.4 (5.77) | 28.8 (6.08) | 30.8 (5.96) | 29.8 (4.31) | 0.06 | 0.14 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.1 (0.37) | 1.1 (0.4) | 1.16 (0.38) | 1.03 (0.22) | 0.24 | 0.88 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 112 (33.7) | 109 (23.5) | 120 (51.4) | 116 (48.6) | 0.66 | 0.47 |
| hsIL‐6 | 1.99 (1.15, 3.93) | 1.67 (0.92, 3.01) | 2.5 (1.69, 6.4)* | 2.17 (1.28, 4.35) | 0.0274* | 0.09 |
| hsCRP | 3.83 (1.59, 9.51) | 2.6 (1.25, 7.04) | 6.99 (2.65, 13.2)* | 4.96 (2.69, 10.3)* | 0.0185* | 0.0152* |
| Il‐10 | 1.43 (0.9, 2.64) | 1.4 (0.86, 2.96) | 1.56 (0.96, 2.23) | 1.24 (0.77, 2.64) | 0.93 | 0.80 |
| TNF‐ɑ | 2937 (2236, 4376) | 2979 (2236, 3902) | 2770 (2155, 4450) | 2780 (2095, 3545) | 0.99 | 0.37 |
| Potassium, mg/dL | 4.19 (0.39) | 4.16 (0.41) | 4.24 (0.4) | 4.23 (0.3) | 0.29 | 0.25 |
| Pro‐BNP | 2.74 (1.91, 3.9) | 2.41 (1.76, 3.39) | 3.11 (2.24, 4.23) | 2.89 (2, 3.9) | 0.052 | 0.18 |
| Sodium, mg/dL | 139 (2.94) | 139 (2.76) | 138 (3.48) | 138 (2.86) | 0.14 | 0.20 |
| Troponin I | 0.01 (0, 0.04) | 0 (0, 0.02) | 0.02 (0, 0.05) | 0.01 (0, 0.05) | 0.12 | 0.18 |
| Ejection fraction, % | 20.6 (7.08) | 20.3 (7) | 18.3 (6.65) | 22.3 (7.55) | 0.13 | 0.16 |
| eGFR CKD‐EPI, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 77.9 (24.4) | 78.7 (24.3) | 73.2 (26.0) | 81.3 (21.1) | 0.17 | 0.90 |
| Supine right SBP (mm HG) | 120 (19.9) | 121 (18.5) | 119 (23.0) | 119 (19.1) | 0.45 | 0.51 |
| Supine right DBP (mm HG) | 72.9 (11.1) | 73.6 (10.9) | 71.5 (11.6) | 72.4 (10.3) | 0.26 | 0.60 |
| Descriptive characteristics | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female sex | 40 (27.0) | 19 (22.4) | 16 (44.4)* | 9 (23.1) | 0.0143* | 0.93 |
| Black race | 44 (29.7) | 23 (27.1) | 16 (44.4) | 9 (23.1) | 0.15 | 0.78 |
| White race | 102 (68.9) | 61 (71.8) | 20 (55.6) | 29 (74.4) | ||
| Never smoker | 50 (33.8) | 32 (37.7) | 12 (33.3) | 10 (25.6) | 0.88 | 0.29 |
| Recent smoker | 24 (16.2) | 12 (14.1) | 6 (16.7) | 9 (23.1) | ||
| Biventricular device | 4 (2.7) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (2.8) | 2 (5.1) | 0.41 | 0.38 |
| Dual chamber device | 20 (13.5) | 8 (9.4) | 7 (19.4) | 6 (15.4) | ||
| Dual/Biventricular device | 37 (25) | 23 (27.1) | 9 (25) | 8 (20.5) | ||
| Single chamber device | 87 (58.8) | 53 (62.4) | 19 (52.8) | 23 (59) | ||
| History of atrial fibrillation | 33 (22.3) | 19 (22.4) | 7 (19.4) | 9 (23.1) | 0.72 | 0.93 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 56 (37.8) | 32 (37.7) | 17 (47.2) | 11 (28.2) | 0.33 | 0.31 |
| Diabetes | 42 (28.4) | 23 (27.1) | 14 (38.9) | 8 (20.5) | 0.20 | 0.43 |
| Hypertension | 79 (53.4) | 51 (60) | 21 (58.3) | 11 (28.2)* | 0.86 | 0.0010* |
| Ischemic cardiomyopathy | 71 (48) | 42 (49.4) | 14 (38.9) | 20 (51.3) | 0.29 | 0.85 |
| Nonischemic cardiomyopathy | 83 (56.1) | 47 (55.3) | 24 (66.7) | 21 (53.9) | 0.25 | 0.88 |
| Medication use | ||||||
| ACE inhibitor | 103 (69.6) | 59 (69.4) | 27 (75) | 26 (66.7) | 0.54 | 0.76 |
| Beta‐blocker | 132 (89.2) | 77 (90.6) | 33 (91.7) | 33 (84.6) | 0.85 | 0.33 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 12 (8.1) | 9 (10.6) | 0* | 3 (7.7) | 0.0424* | 0.61 |
| ARB | 33 (22.3) | 22 (25.9) | 6 (16.7) | 8 (20.5) | 0.27 | 0.52 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 30 (20.3) | 14 (16.5) | 10 (27.8) | 10 (25.6) | 0.15 | 0.23 |
| Digoxin | 34 (23) | 19 (22.4) | 9 (25) | 9 (23.1) | 0.75 | 0.93 |
| Loop diuretic | 101 (68.2) | 53 (62.4) | 33 (91.7)* | 25 (64.1) | 0.0011* | 0.85 |
| Thiazide diuretic | 12 (8.1) | 7 (8.2) | 3 (8.3) | 3 (7.7) | 0.99 | 0.92 |
| Statin | 97 (65.5) | 57 (67.1) | 20 (55.6) | 26 (66.7) | 0.23 | 0.97 |
| Clopidogrel | 21 (14.2) | 9 (10.6) | 6 (16.7) | 6 (15.4) | 0.35 | 0.45 |
| Warfarin | 52 (35.1) | 26 (30.6) | 14 (38.9) | 18 (46.2) | 0.38 | 0.09 |
| Aspirin | 103 (69.6) | 59 (69.4) | 26 (72.2) | 24 (61.5) | 0.76 | 0.39 |
| SSRI | 11 (7.4) | 7 (8.2) | 4 (11.1) | 1 (2.6) | 0.62 | 0.23 |
| Any antidepressant | 23 (15.5) | 11 (12.9) | 9 (25) | 5 (12.8) | 0.10 | 0.99 |
| Site of follow‐up | ||||||
| JHU | 138 (93.2) | 75 (88.2) | 36 (100)* | 39 (100)* | 0.0317* | 0.0255* |
P values for heart failure and ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation cohorts, versus control population, are shown. *Significant differences (defined as P value <0.05). Notably, 12 patients had both heart failure and ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation events and were included in both subgroups.
ACE indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CHF, congestive heart failure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate, using CKD‐EPI equation; hsCRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; hsIL‐6, high‐sensitivity Interleukin‐6; JHU, Johns Hopkins University; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; and TNF‐ɑ, tumor necrosis factor alpha.