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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Behav Immun. 2022 Nov 24;108:118–134. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.11.014

Figure 9: MAPK activation and its modulation by hMSC-EVs treatment.

Figure 9:

The cartoon presents the mechanisms by which activation of MAPK signaling occurs after TBI and how hMSC-EV treatment after TBI prevents the chronic activation of MAPK signaling and the enduring increased release of proinflammatory cytokines. The upward red arrows indicate upregulation, and the downward green arrows imply the downregulation of different proteins involved in p38 MAPK signaling. The complexes indicated with question marks suggest the involvement of additional pathways.