Table 1.

Definitions of research activities considered for categorization of papers based on use of AI

Pre-clinical research	Early use of AI in pre-clinical research, impacting subsequent CTs.
Design	Use of AI enabling prediction of outcomes and disease progression to shape or improve Design of CTs.
Recruitment	Use of AI in Recruitment, which includes Enrollment, defined as the identification of eligible participants and onboarding them into suitable CTs.
Conduct	Use of AI in Conduct refers to the period following a participant’s enrollment into the trial, up to the trial database lock, prior to statistical analysis.
Analysis	Use of AI in Analysis relates to activities performed by statisticians after a trial has achieved database lock, as part of statistical analysis for the trial.