Table 3.

data extraction table

	Author, year and country	Aim	Study design	Participant sample size	Image type and image sample size	Participants	Exposure (factor investigated)	Comparator	Outcome (Effects of the factor studied)	Conclusion
1	17(17), The Netherlands	To compare the diagnostic accuracy of dental students and general dental practitioners	Nonrandomised quantitative	Dentists = 273 Dental students = 259	Bitewing radiographs of extracted teeth showing 105 interproximal surfaces	Dentists	Clinical experience Years of experience = not stated	fourth-year dental students from three consecutive cohorts	diagnostic accuracy of dentinal caries on bitewing radiographs	Clinical experience increased specificity but inversely affected the sensitivity of radiographic diagnosis of dental caries, with dental students having higher sensitivity scores than dentists.
2	18(18), Brazil and Switzerland	To assess the influence of clinician experience on the reproducibility and accuracy of radiographic examination for detection of occlusal caries.	Nonrandomised quantitative study	Dentists = 10 Dental students = 10	Bitewing radiographs of 166 extracted permanent teeth	Brazilian and Swiss dentists	clinical experience Years of experience of dentists = 5 to 7 years location of dental education/training programs	Brazilian and Swiss dental students	accuracy (reproducibility and validity) of caries diagnosis at two thresholds	The clinical experience affected the sensitivity and specificity of radiographic caries diagnosis Clinical experience increased specificity. This paper did not specify how the education program (location) affected diagnostic accuracy
3	16 (16), USA	To identify and distinguish treatment related injuries that are avoidable from those that are sequelae of a dental problem	Retrospective cohort study (qualitative)	92 dental malpractice claims Poor interpretation and incorrect prescription of radiographs = 8 cases	not applicable	92 dental malpractice claims filed between 1900 and 1974	Knowledge and technical ability in radiography	No comparator	Dental adverse events and degree of avoidability of adverse events	Poor quality films and interpretation resulting in diagnostic errors were considered avoidable outcomes.
4	19(19), USA	To compare the effect of differing levels of didactic education and clinical experience among first- and senior-year dental students and the dental faculty on the diagnosis of occlusal caries on radiographs	Nonrandomised quantitative	Dentists = 15 Dental students in the first year = 15 Dental students in senior year = 14	Bitewings of 100 extracted teeth for assessment of occlusal caries	Dental faculty	clinical experience Years of experience of the dental faculty-17 years levels of didactic education (first and senior year students)	first-year and senior-year dental students	Confidence of presence/absence of caries using a 5-point Likert scale)	Clinical experience affected the sensitivity and specificity of caries diagnosis, with the specificity of radiographic caries diagnosis increasing with increasing experience. There was no significant difference in levels of accuracy between the first year and senior students
5	20(20), Germany	To compare the pupillary responses (pupil diameter, gaze hit mapping) of experts and student dentists to panoramic radiographs of varying difficulties.	Nonrandomised quantitative study	Dentists = 26 Dental students = 50	20 patient panoramic radiographs for students and 15 for experts	Dentists (GP and specialists) working at the university clinics	Cognitive load clinical experience case (image) difficulty/complexity years of experience of dentists = 10 years on average	Third-year dental students	Cognitive load was measured using pupil diameter. An increase in median pupillary diameter from baseline and variation with the level of difficulty on the radiograph was measured	More experienced clinicians show a proportional increase in pupillary response to increasing case difficulty. Dental students had a consistent increase in pupillary diameter regardless of difficulty level.
6	23(21), Brazil	To assess the ability of three observers to accurately confirm the existence and absence of MB2 canals in human first upper molars with different root conditions and the agreement among three observers.	Nonrandomised quantitative study	Dentists (OMR registrars) =3	CBCT of 82 extracted maxillary first molars was used. The teeth were grouped into three depending on the condition of MB1 as non-filled, filled and deobturated	Dentists (OMR registrars) in the oral and maxillofacial radiology program.	clinician experience Years of experience = reviewer one five years’ experience, reviewer two three years’ and reviewer three one year	Comparison of interobserver agreement	Agreement on identifying the presence of MB2 (second mesiobuccal canal) under different conditions of MB1 (non-filled, filled, and deobturated)	Agreement of MB2 diagnosis increased with clinical experience
7	22(22), UK	To explore the role of time pressure on the radiographic diagnostic performance when viewing bitewing radiographs among dentists	Randomised cross-over study	Dentists = 40 randomly assigned to four groups of ten each	12 patient bitewing radiographs Each bitewing had a range of difficulty (three easy, three difficult)	Primary care dentists (GP) Years of experience = 17 years (average)	time pressure	time pressure versus no time pressure time	radiographic diagnostic performance- diagnostic error	Under time pressure, the sensitivity was lower, but the specificity was not affected. Time pressure increased the incidence of diagnostic errors and errors of omission.
8	Bussaneli DG et al, 2014 (23), Brazil	To evaluate the influence of the examiner’s clinical experience on the detection and treatment decision of caries lesions in primary molars.	Nonrandomised quantitative study	Dental faculty = 3 Dental students = 3	Bitewing radiographs of 77 recently extracted or exfoliated primary molars.	Dentists from the department of paediatric dentistry.	clinical knowledge (ICDAS classification on radiographs) Clinical experience Years of experience of the dental faculty = 10 years (group A). Dental students (group B) were familiar with the ICDAS criteria	Second-year dental students	Accuracy of caries diagnosis using clinical evaluation and bitewing radiographs.	The professional experience did not affect the accuracy of caries diagnosis on bitewings.