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GBL induces intrinsic apoptotic pathway in PA-1 cells. (a) Annexin V/PI apoptotic assay showed that GBL induces early and late apoptosis in PA-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. (b) GBL induces mitochondrial membrane depolarization in PA-1 cells (polarized cells: JC-1 aggregated red fluorescence; depolarized cells: JC-1 monomer green fluorescence). (c) Representative agarose gel blots showed upregulation of apoptosis-associated genes in GBL-treated PA-1 cells. IC50 = 5.00 ± 0.70 μM.
