Table 3.
Demographics, pregnancy characteristics, and birth outcomes for multivariate fetal growth trajectory groups among parent-child pairs with an LGA birth in the LIFECODES Fetal Growth Study
| Median (25th, 75th percentile) or n (%) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Catch-up Growth (N = 28) |
Proportional AC:FL Growth (N = 67) | Disproportional AC:FL Growth (N = 96) | Consistently Large (N = 44) | ||
| Age, years | 32.4 (27.3, 37.3) | 31.8 (27.6, 37.0) | 34.6 (30.4, 37.6) | 33.6 (31.6, 37.3) | |
| Education | |||||
| High school or less | 5 (18) | 12 (18) | 9 (10) | 4 (9) | |
| Some college or associate degree | 7 (25) | 14 (21) | 8 (9) | 7 (16) | |
| Bachelor’s degree or greater | 16 (57) | 40 (61) | 77 (82) | 32 (74) | |
| Race and ethnicity | |||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 15 (54) | 36 (54) | 77 (80) | 28 (64) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 5 (18) | 14 (21) | 2 (2) | 8 (18) | |
| Hispanic | 5 (18) | 14 (21) | 14 (15) | 5 (11) | |
| Other | 3 (11) | 3 (4) | 3 (3) | 3 (7) | |
| Health insurance | |||||
| Private | 20 (71) | 42 (63) | 79 (82) | 30 (71) | |
| Public | 8 (29) | 25 (37) | 17 (18) | 12 (29) | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 27.1 (22. 7, 31.9) | 29.4 (25.1, 35.4) | 25.8 (22.6, 31.2) | 27.4 (22.7, 31.5) | |
| Height, inches | 66 (63, 67) | 65 (63, 68) | 65 (63, 67) | 66 (65, 68) | |
| Alcohol consumption in pregnancy | |||||
| No | 28 (100) | 66 (99) | 91 (95) | 43 (100) | |
| Yes | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 5 (5) | 0 (0) | |
| Smoking in pregnancy | |||||
| No | 28 (100) | 66 (99) | 94 (98) | 42 (95) | |
| Yes | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 2 (2) | 2 (5) | |
| Primiparous | |||||
| No | 21 (75) | 50 (75) | 63 (66) | 33 (75) | |
| Yes | 7 (25) | 17 (25) | 33 (34) | 11 (25) | |
| ART | |||||
| No | 25 (89) | 61 (91) | 77 (80) | 40 (91) | |
| Yes | 3 (11) | 6 (9) | 19 (20) | 4 (9) | |
| Preeclampsia | |||||
| No | 25 (89) | 64 (96) | 91 (95) | 42 (95) | |
| Yes | 3 (11) | 3 (4) | 5 (5) | 2 (5) | |
| Glucose control | |||||
| Normal glucose metabolism | 10 (40) | 41 (65) | 59 (66) | 30 (75) | |
| Mild carbohydrate intolerance | 3 (12) | 6 (10) | 10 (11) | 5 (13) | |
| Gestational diabetes | 3 (12) | 8 (13) | 6 (7) | 1 (3) | |
| Pre-gestational diabetes | 9 (36) | 8 (13) | 15 (17) | 4 (10) | |
| Type of pre-gestational diabetes | |||||
| Type 1 | 7 (78) | 4 (50) | 9 (60) | 3 (75) | |
| Type 2 | 2 (22) | 4 (50) | 6 (40) | 1 (25) | |
| Infant sex | |||||
| Female | 10 (36) | 30 (45) | 29 (30) | 12 (27) | |
| Male | 18 (64) | 37 (55) | 67 (70) | 32 (73) | |
| Gestational age at delivery, weeks | 39.4 (37.9, 40.4) | 39.0 (38.4, 39.7) | 38.8 (37.9, 39.5) | 38.9 (38.3, 39.6) | |
| Birthweight z-score | 1.72 (1.42, 2.03) | 1.64 (1.47, 1.94) | 1.77 (1.52, 2.09) | 1.73 (1.52, 2.29) | |
| Birthweight, kg | 4188 (4052, 4312) | 4105 (3995, 4250) | 4173 (3905, 4313) | 4139 (3945, 4407) | |
| Birthweight - length ratio, gm/cm | 80.8 (78.8, 83.9) | 78.6 (77.0, 81.6) | 79.4 (75.6, 82.1) | 79.0 (75.8, 82.9) | |
| Delivery via C-section | |||||
| No | 14 (50) | 32 (48) | 34 (36) | 23 (52) | |
| Yes | 14 (50) | 35 (52) | 61 (64) | 21 (48) | |
| Delivery via unscheduled C-section | |||||
| No | 8 (57) | 22 (67) | 35 (59) | 11 (55) | |
| Yes | 6 (43) | 11 (33) | 24 (41) | 9 (45) | |
| NICU Admission | |||||
| No | 19 (68) | 55 (83) | 74 (79) | 36 (86) | |
| Yes | 9 (32) | 11 (17) | 20 (21) | 6 (14) | |
Abbreviations: AGA = appropriate-for-gestational age, ART = assisted reproductive technologies, BMI = body mass index, LGA = large-for-gestational age, NICU = neonatal intensive care unit
Note: n = 4 missing education, n = 2 missing health insurance, n = 2 missing pre-pregnancy BMI, n = 1 missing alcohol consumption during pregnancy, n = 14 missing measures of glucose control, n = 8 missing birthweight-length ratio, n = 1 missing delivery via C-section, n = 5 missing delivery via unscheduled C-section, n = 5 missing NICU admission. Other race and ethnicity includes Asian (n = 5), More than one race (n = 5) and Other (n = 2). Public insurance category includes those using Medicaid/Mass Health/SSI (n = 61) and Self pay (n = 1). Type of pregestational diabetes only displayed for individuals diagnosed with pregestational diabetes (n = 36). Unscheduled C-section only displayed among individuals with a C-section delivery (n = 131). Length of NICU stay only calculated among individuals with a known NICU admission (n = 46).