Table 1.

Contraindications to VLCKD according to ADI and SIE

ADI

SIE

Pregnancy and lactation History of mental and behavioral problems Alcohol and other substances abuse Hepatic or renal failure Type 1 diabetes Porphyria Unstable angina History of recently myocardial infarction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus Autoimmune diabetes in adults β-cell failure in diabetes mellitus Use of SGLT2 inhibitors (risk for euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis) Pregnancy and breastfeeding Kidney disease and failure Liver failure Cardiorespiratory failure Unstable angina History of recently myocardial infarction and stroke Cardiac arrhythmias Eating disorders, mental illnesses, substance abuse, and addictions Infections Elderly patients 48 h prior to elective surgery and perioperative period Body metabolism disorders

ADI Associazione Italiana di Dietetica e Nutrizione Clinica, SIE Società Italiana di Endocrinologia, SGLT2 sodium/glucose cotransporter 2