Table 4.

Result of subgroup analysis.

Moderator	Subgroup	Score
		SMD	95%CI	Z	Q	df	P
Age	Children	0.343	[0.148,0.538]	3.45	0.34	10	0.001
	Young adults	−0.043	[−0.408,0.321]	0.23	2.76	2	0.816
	Seniors	0.361	[0.207,0.514]	4.61	6.68	2	0.000
Level of cognitive engagement	High	0.336	[0.203,0.469]	4.96	2.35	10	0.000
	Low	0.254	[0.029,0.478]	2.21	7.76	5	0.027
Exercise intensity	Low and moderate	0.366	[0.216,0.517]	4.78	6.99	12	0.000
	Vigorous	0.299	[0.104,0.494]	3.01	2.88	3	0.003
Intervention times	Acute exercise	0.274	[−0.138,0.686]	1.30	2.59	1	0.192
	Chronic exercise	0.335	[0.207,0.463]	5.13	7.45	14	0.000
Intervention period	<30 days	−0.043	[−0.40,0.321]	0.23	2.76	2	0.208
	30–89 days	0.257	[0.008,0.507]	2.02	3.75	6	0.044
	≥90 days	0.383	[0.246,0.521]	5.46	2.53	6	0.000
Intervention duration	<30 min	0.256	[0.075,0.436]	2.78	3.32	4	0.005
	30–59 min	0.349	[0.092,0.607]	2.66	0.16	3	0.008
	≥60 min	0.357	[0.176,0.538]	3.87	6.60	8	0.000

(Q-value, heterogeneity statistic; df, degrees of freedom).