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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Prev Med. 2023 Feb 1;168:107442. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107442

Table 3.

Trait-level resilience measures

Measure name Sample item
Brief Resilience Scale (BRS; Smith et al. 2008) “I bounce back quickly after a hard time”
Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC; Connor & Davidson, 2003) “I am able to adapt to change”
Quantitative resilience measure (Amstadter et al. 2014) Residuals from a linear regression with interpersonal trauma load as the predictor and PTSD symptoms as the criterion
Author created phenotype categories (Nishimi et al., 2021) Exposed vs. unexposed and higher vs. lower psychological health