Table 1.
Characteristics by NAFLD status.
| Total N = 493 |
No NAFLD N = 171 |
NAFLD N = 322 |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and clinical | ||||
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 64.4 (8.1) | 67.3 (7.7) | 63.0 (7.9) | <0.0001 |
| Female, n (%) | 311 (63.1) | 97 (56.7) | 214 (66.5) | 0.0330 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 31.4 (5.9) | 29.8 (5.8) | 32.2 (5.8) | <0.0001 |
| Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) | 281 (57.4) | 77 (45.3) | 204 (63.8) | <0.0001 |
| Race, n (%) | 0.0047 | |||
| White | 181 (37.6) | 59 (35.5) | 122 (38.7) | |
| Hispanic | 198 (41.2) | 82 (49.4) | 116 (36.8) | |
| Asian | 71 (14.8) | 13 (7.8) | 58 (18.4) | |
| Other | 31 (6.4) | 12 (7.2) | 19 (6.0) | |
| Duration of T2DM (years), median (IQR) | 8.0 (12.0) | 10.0 (15.0) | 6.0 (12.0) | 0.0009 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 304 (61.7) | 107 (62.6) | 197 (61.2) | 0.7621 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 282 (57.2) | 105 (61.4) | 177 (55.0) | 0.1693 |
| Metabolic syndrome, n (%) | 304 (69.6) | 82 (55.4) | 222 (76.8) | <0.0001 |
|
| ||||
| Biochemical profile, median (IQR) | ||||
| HbA1c (%) | 6.8 (1.6) | 6.5 (1.5) | 6.9 (1.6) | 0.0004 |
| HOMA-IR, median (IQR) | 4.8 (5.5) | 3.7 (3.5) | 5.7 (6.1) | <0.0001 |
| AST (U/L) | 24.0 (16.0) | 21.0 (9.0) | 26.0 (17.0) | <0.0001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 25.0 (22.0) | 19.0 (10.0) | 30.5 (24.5) | <0.0001 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) | 79.0 (33.0) | 78.0 (34.0) | 80.5 (32) | 0.3089 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dl) | 0.5 (0.2) | 0.4 (0.3) | 0.5 (0.2) | 0.9546 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 4.4 (0.3) | 4.4 (0.4) | 4.5 (0.3) | 0.0098 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 144.0 (91.0) | 117.5 (68.0) | 162.0 (94.0) | <0.0001 |
| HDL (mg/dl) | 45.0 (16.0) | 48.0 (19.0) | 44.0 (14.0) | 0.0006 |
| LDL (mg/dl) | 87.0 (46.0) | 79.0 (39.0) | 89.0 (50.0) | 0.0048 |
| Platelet count (109/L) | 243.0 (84.0) | 229.0 (89.0) | 251.0 (90.0) | 0.0001 |
| INR | 1.0 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 0.0201 |
|
| ||||
| Imaging, mean (SD) | ||||
| CAP (dB/m) | 307.7 (56.5) | 265.2 (52.8) | 329.7 (44.5) | <0.0001 |
| VCTE (kPa) | 7.4 (6.2) | 7.2 (8.1) | 7.5 (4.9) | 0.7273 |
| MRI-PDFF (%) | 9.8 (7.9) | 2.5 (1.4) | 13.8 (7.0) | <0.0001 |
| MRE (kPa) | 2.6 (1.1) | 2.6 (1.2) | 2.6 (1.1) | 0.9951 |
NAFLD defined as MRI-PDFF ≥5% or, if MRI was not available, as CAP ≥288 db/min t test performed on continuous variables presented as mean (SD), Wilcoxon rank sum test performed on all other continuous variables.
Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate on all categorical variables.
Level of significance, p <0.05 n = 479 had VCTE data, n = 449 had MRI-PDFF data and n = 418 had MRE data available.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CAP, controlled-attenuation parameter; FIB-4, fibrosis-4 index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; INR, international normalized ratio; MRE, magnetic resonance elastography; MRI-PDFF, MRI-proton density fat fraction; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.