Table 1.

Country of operation - Year of establishment and description of case studies.

N° Cases	Description
Case Study 1	(Denmark −2015) it is an on line app that connects costumers to restaurant and shops to sell leftover of food products.
Case Study 2	(Finland - 2015) A start-up company, born in 2015 that to sell on line food services leftovers meals to consumers at a discount.
Case Study 3	(UK- 2015) This company, established in 2015, allows shops to offer, throughout a mobile application, their surplus food that is redistributed to consumers. Consumers could be active in the process using the same app to share their leftover food.
Case Study 4	(Finland – 2016) Online discount selling packaged groceries at waste risk from other Finnish food industries, importers and wholesalers.
Case Study 5	(the Netherlands – 2014) A company that uses surplus food from local supermarkets and other producers to cook dishes to serve in their restaurants or food truck.
Case Study 6	(Portugal –Not available) This company delivers fresh fruit and vegetable boxes containing surplus and out-of-spec produce that is rescued directly from farms via a weekly subscription service.
Case Study 7	(The Netherlands – 2012) A social company that produces soups from misshapen vegetables collected from growers.
Case Study 8	(Germany – 2014) This company uses ‘deformed’ organic fruit and vegetables from farmers to resell them to business customers.
Case Study 9	(France – 2015) A start-up that produces jams from surplus fruits and vegetables from shops.
Case Study 10	(Italy – 2000) A start- up with an on line platform that redistributes leftover and misshapen veggies and fruits to costumers. The initiative works with a subscription of big or small boxes that are delivered directly to home.
Case Study 11	(The Netherlands -Not available) A company that produces veggie soup with leftovers of producers and wholesalers.
Case Study 12	(United States – 2018) This start-up, this company offers a Smarterware system, a stock management app for the home, that helps consumers to avert food waste.
Case Study 13	(Italy – 2015) application for sellers to offer products about to expire. Also, the company offer a waste management system to monitor their stock.
Case Study 14	(Bulgaria – 2017) A mobile application that helps consumers to manage their shopping and stocks.
Case Study 15	(Germany -Not available) The company sells food that can be visually unappealing, mislabelled, or close to the best-before date. Products are sold on line and in dedicated supermarkets.
Case Study 16	(Italy -Not available) the initiative has the scope of promoting a different model respectful of biodiversity and health. The work condition of farmers, the rights of consumers have a leading role in the initiative, indeed consumers are considered as co-producers and are involved in the certification of products and in the projects.
Case Study 17	(The Netherlands -Not available) A CSA with approximately 200 families members. Members decide what they want to eat from their farm; they employ a farm and, in case the families want to help with harvesting, this is possible.
Case Study 18	(The Netherlands -Not available) A farm near to or in a city where pigs are fed with residuals products from breweries. Pigs eat (food) waste from the city (bakeries, supermarkets and cheese farmers). Residents also help to keep the pigs. In the end, when the pigs are slaughtered, the pig meat could be eaten during activity.
Case Study 19	(Canada - 2011) It is a local urban farm that delivers directly to customers thousands of food baskets filled with our rooftop-grown veggies. The vision is to create a better food system, promoting rooftop farms and local agriculture (farmers and food makers) in all shapes and sizes and creating a community of pick-up points to deliver all this food as directly as possible.
Case Study 20	(Germany – 2012) Initiative against food waste. The scope is to save “unwanted” food and in excess food from families and firms. The sharing of food works throughout an on line platform and members are volunteers and for free.