Figure 3.

Schematic illustration of the major molecular targets of AMPK and the down-stream signaling events orchestrated by AMPK in cancer cell metabolism. AMPK controls various metabolic pathways that are critical to tumorigenesis and cancer progression. It regulates major cellular events governing cancer cell growth, survival and proliferation and pathways involved in glucose, lipid and protein metabolism. AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; Glut4, Glucose transporter type 4; Glut1, Glucose transporter type1; RTK, Receptor tyrosine kinase; PLC-β, Phospholipase C- β; G6Pase, Glucose -6-phosphatase; HMGCR, Hydroxymethyl glutaryl-CoA reductase; HSL, Hormone sensitive lipase; cAMP, Cyclic adenosine 3’,5’-monophosphate; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; Akt, A protein-serine/threonine kinase; CAMKKβ, Ca²⁺/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2; PGC1α, PPARG coactivator 1 α; HNF4α, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha; ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; MaCoA, malonyl CoA; CPT1, Carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1; TSC1, Tuberous sclerosis complex 1; TSC2, tuberous sclerosis complex 2; Rheb – Ras homolog enriched in brain; SREBP1, Sterol regulatory element – binding protein 1; COX2, Cyclooxygenase-2; FaS, Fatty acid synthase; ULK1, unc-51-like kinase 1;p70S6K,70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase; 4EBP1, eIF4E-binding protein 1;HuR,Human antigen R;LKB1,Liver kinase B1; eEF2K,eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase; eEF2K, eukaryotic elongation factor 2; PFKFB2/3,6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose -2,6 –biphosphatase 2/3; TBC1D1- tre-2/USP6,BUB2,cdc16 domain family member 1;TXNIP, Thioredoxin interacting protein; CREB, cAMP response element - binding protein; SIRT, Sirtuin; PEPCK, Phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase; TORC2, target of rapamycin complex 2; STRAD, STE20-related adaptor protein; MO25α, Mouse protein 25 α; FOXO3, Forkhead box family transcription factor 3; PKA, cAMP-activated protein kinase; GS, Glycogen synthase; Ras, rat sarcoma viral oncogene.