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. 2023 Feb 28;14:1139. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-36835-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Spatial and statistical distributions of the contributions (%) of “grain-for-green” a, b and grazing exclusion c, d practices to vegetation restoration since 2000 and 2003, respectively. The x-axis in b, d corresponds to the contributions in a, c. The scope of the desertification-prone region is marked in panels a and c with gray. For each pixel in a, c, the average fractional vegetation cover (FVC) trend resulting from climate change and CO₂ fertilization (natural FVC trends) is derived by satellite and multiple linear regression simulations, while the contributions of intervention practices are estimated based on the average difference between the natural FVC trend and the actual trend involving practices implementation. Ave.α and Ave.β in b, d are the integrated contributions of the “grain-for-green” and grazing exclusion practices, respectively. These values are calculated based on area-weighted statistics of the pixel-level contributions in a and c as follows: Ave.α (or β) = Σ [α (or β)_i·area_i]/Σarea_i, where α (β)_i is the vegetation restoration contribution of the two practices in i-th pixel involved, and area_i is the area of the i-th pixel. Noted that only regions with significant trends (passed the Mann-Kendall test at the 95% significance level) were considered in area-weighted statistics and rest were shown by the dotted box filled with gray in b, d. See Methods for more details about the identification of pixels involved in the “grain-for-green” and grazing exclusion practices, and about the calculation of pixel-level contributions.