Table 2.

Standardized coefficients, standard error, and p-value of the direct and indirect effect of the Obstetric Violence in childbirth on breastfeeding “Birth in Brazil”.

Model adjustment	RMSEA			0.008 (0.006–0.010)
	CFI			0.982
	TLI			0.969
	Total sample			Total N: 20.362a
	Vaginal (N = 8.734)			C-section (N = 11.628)
	Standardized coefficient (95% CI)	Standard error	p-value	Standardized coefficient (95% CI)	Standard error	p-valueb
Latent variable
Obstetric violence
Violence	0.625 (0.560; 0.691)	0.040	<0.001	0.648 (0.609; 0.687)	0.024	<0.001
Respect	0.767 (0.738; 0.795)	0.017	<0.001	0.762 (0.736; 0.789)	0.016	<0.001
Exams	0.729 (0.686; 0.771)	0.026	<0.001	0.768 (0.742; 0.794)	0.016	<0.001
Guidance	0.746 (0.726; 0.766)	0.012	<0.001	0.728 (0.701; 0.754)	0.016	<0.001
Clarity	0.787 (0.753; 0.821)	0.021	<0.001	0.849 (0.828; 0.470)	0.013	<0.001
Time	0.726 (0.677; 0.776)	0.030	<0.001	0.764 (0.727; 0.801)	0.023	<0.001
Decision	0.732 (0.699; 0.765)	0.020	<0.001	0.746 (0.719; 0.746)	0.016	<0.001
Direct effect of the obstetric violence in childbirth on breastfeeding
Breastfeeding 42–180 days after birth
Obstetric violence	−0.058 (−0.113; −0.003)	0.034	0.084	0.019 (−0.048; 0.086)	0.041	0.639
Breastfeeding in maternity	0.500 (0.370; 0.630)	0.079	<0.001	0.519 (0.464; 0.574)	0.033	<0.001
Gestational age	0.048 (−0.10; 0.106)	0.035	0.174	0.063 (0.012; 0.115)	0.031	0.044
Presence of companion	0.063 (−0.065; 0.190)	0.078	0.421	0.054 (−0.021; 0.129)	0.046	0.236
Type of health service (public)	−0.050 (−0.230; 0.129)	0.109	0.643	−0.060 (−0.169; 0.049)	0.066	0.364
Parity	−0.065 (−0.187; 0.057)	0.074	0.383	−0.058 (−0.125; 0.008)	0.040	0.148
Antenatal care	−0.055 (−0.128; 0.018)	0.044	0.214	0.008 (−0.061; 0.077)	0.042	0.849
Skin color/ethnicity (white)	−0.008 (−0.071; 0.056)	0.039	0.840	−0.070 (−0.116; −0.025)	0.028	0.011
Age	0.084 (−0.028; 0.187)	0.068	0.217	0.046 (0.002; 0.090)	0.027	0.088
Marital status (marriage or living together)	0.029 (−0.012; −0.070)	0.025	0.252	0.036 (0.000; 0.072)	0.022	0.096
Education	0.025 (−0.109; 0.159)	0.081	0.755	0.041 (0.006; 0.041)	0.029	0.149
Breastfeeding in maternity
Obstetric violence	−0.267 (−0.346; −0.188)	0.048	<0.001	−0.105 (−0.157; −0.054)	0.031	0.001
Gestational age	−0.009 (−0.095; 0.076)	0.052	0.857	−0.115 (−0.176; −0.055)	0.037	0.002
Presence of companion	0.054 (−0.072; 0.054)	0.076	0.481	0.098 (−0.033; 0.229)	0.079	0.217
Type of health service (public)	−0.356 (−0.570; −0.143)	0.130	0.006	−0.145 (−0.317; 0.027)	0.105	0.166
Parity	0.434 (0.331; 0.537)	0.063	<0.001	0.201 (0.119; 0.283)	0.050	<0.001
Antenatal care	0.088 (−0.042; 0.218)	0.079	0.266	−0.030 (−0.086; 0.025)	0.034	0.367
Skin colour/ethnicity (white)	−0.025 (−0.112; 0.061)	0.052	0.626	−0.018 (−0.065; 0.029)	0.028	0.524
Age	−0.276 (−0.419; −0.134)	0.087	0.001	−0.172 (−0.224; −0.119)	0.032	<0.001
Marital status (marriage or living together)	0.050 (−0.041; 0.142)	0.056	0.365	0.047 (−0.011; 0.105)	0.035	0.187
Education	0.304 (0.174; 0.435)	0.079	<0.000	0.029 (−0.021; 0.080)	0.031	0.342
Obstetric violence
Presence of companion (yes)	−0.073 (−0.143; −0.003)	0.042	0.086	−0.084 (−0.133; −0.034)	0.030	0.005
Type of health service (public)	−0.232 (−0.330; −0.135)	0.059	<0.001	−0.422 (−0.489; −0.355)	0.041	<0.001
Parity	−0.077 (−0.147; −0.006)	0.043	0.074	−0.154 (−0.198; −0.109)	0.027	<0.001
Antenatal care	−0.112 (−0.173; −0.050)	0.037	0.003	−0.064 (−0.112; −0.015)	0.029	0.030
Skin colour/ethnicity (white)	−0.026 (−0.080; 0.028)	0.033	0.422	−0.035 (−0.076; 0.006)	0.025	0.161
Age	0.033 (−0.018; −0.083)	0.031	0.287	−0.007 (−0.043; 0.029)	0.025	0.161
Marital status (marriage or living together)	0.043 (0.006; 0.080)	0.022	0.054	0.036 (0.000; 0.071)	0.022	0.100
Education	0.116 (0.044; 0.188)	0.044	0.008	0.217 (0.192; 0.241)	0.015	<0.001
Gestational age
Type of health service	0.007 (−0.092; 0.106)	0.060	0.907	0.371 (0.290; 0.452)	0.049	<0.001
Parity	0.013 (−0.025; −0.051)	0.023	0.584	0.076 (0.021; 0.131)	0.034	0.023
Antenatal care	−0.111 (−0.170; −0.051)	0.036	0.002	−0.059 (−0.102; −0.015)	0.027	0.028
Skin color/ethnicity (white)	−0.006 (0.038; 0.025)	0.019	0.742	0.016 (−0.013; 0.045)	0.018	0.375
Age	−0.011 (−0.056; 0.035)	0.028	−0.384	0.016 (−0.023; 0.054)	0.023	0.502
Marital status (marriage or living together)	0.017 (−0.007; 0.040)	0.014	0.238	0.002 (−0.024; 0.029)	0.016	0.884
Education	−0.017 (−0.070; 0.035)	0.032	0.587	−0.135 (−0.190; −0.079)	0.034	<0.001
Presence of companion
Parity	−0.122 (−0.189; −0.056)	0.040	0.002	−0.054 (−0.103; −0.004)	0.030	0.074
Type of health service	0.402 (0.301; 0.504)	0.062	<0.001	0.545 (0.409; 0.681)	0.083	<0.001
Antenatal care	0.066 (0.010; 0.122)	0.034	0.053	−0.020 (−0.081; 0.042)	0.037	0.595
Skin color/ethnicity (white)	0.028 (−0.017; 0.028)	0.027	0.303	−0.016 (−0.072; 0.040)	0.034	0.633
Age	−0.070 (−0.131; −0.009)	0.037	0.060	−0.034 (−0.066; −0.002)	0.019	0.082
Marital status (marriage or living together)	−0.039 (−0.092; 0.013)	0.032	0.219	0.008 (−0.033; 0.048)	0.025	0.755
Education	−0.132 (−0.197; −0.066)	0.040	0.001	−0.069 (−0.141; 0.003)	0.044	0.117
Type of hospital
Parity	−0.017 (−0.090; 0.057)	0.045	0.708	−0.074 (−0.074; 0.030)	0.022	0.001
Antenatal care	−0.010 (−0.105; 0.085)	0.058	0.861	0.126 (0.079; 0.172)	0.028	<0.001
Skin color/ethnicity (white)	0.124 (0.059; 0.189)	0.040	0.002	0.117 (0.058; 0.175)	0.035	0.001
Age	0.072 (0.009; 0.134)	0.038	0.059	0.149 (0.119; 0.179)	0.018	<0.001
Marital status (marriage or living together)	0.097 (0.021; 0.174)	0.047	0.037	0.033 (−0.004; 0.070)	0.023	0.146
Education	0.421 (0.342; 0.499)	0.048	<0.001	0.509 (0.474; 0.543)	0.021	<0.001
Parity
Antenatal care	−0.204 (−0.230; −0.179)	0.015	<0.001	−0.177 (−0.203; −0.151)	0.016	<0.001
Skin color/ethnicity (white)	0.032 (0.003; 0.061)	0.018	0.072	−0.027 (−0.057; 0.002)	0.018	0.130
Age	0.553 (0.531; 0.575)	0.013	<0.001	0.447 (0.418; 0.476)	0.018	<0.001
Marital status (marriage or living together)	0.100 (0.079; 0.122)	0.013	<0.001	0.095 (0.073; 0.116)	0.013	<0.001
Education	−0.314 (−0.343; −0.285)	0.018	<0.001	−0.323 (−0.349; −0.297)	0.016	<0.001
Antenatal care
Skin color/ethnicity (white)	0.088 (0.050; 0.127)	0.023	<0.001	0.059 (0.030; 0.089)	0.018	0.001
Age	0.060 (0.039; 0.060)	0.013	<0.001	0.108 (0.090; 0.127)	0.011	<0.001
Marital status (marriage or living together)	0.141 (0.016; 0.166)	0.015	<0.001	0.099 (0.080; 0.118)	0.012	<0.001
Education	0.246 (0.223; 0.270)	0.015	<0.001	0.254 (0.211; 0.297)	0.026	<0.001
Indirect effect of the obstetric violence in childbirth on breastfeeding
Obstetric violence → Breastfeeding in Maternity → Breastfeeding 43–180 days after birth	−0.134 (−0.197; −0.070)	0.039	0.001	−0.055 (−0.083; −0.026)	0.018	0.002
Total Effect (direct + indirect effect) of the obstetric violence in childbirth on breastfeeding
Obstetric violence → Breastfeeding in Maternity → Breastfeeding 43–180 days after birth	−0.192 (−0.248; −0.136)	0.034	<0.001	−0.036 (−0.097; 0.026)	0.037	0.342

RMSEA: Root mean square error of approximation; CFI: Comparative fit index; TLI: Tucker–lewis index.

^aThe analysis missing 115 information due to a lack of information.

^bValues in bold are statistically significant (>0.05).