Table 1.

Sociodemographic characteristics of the participants (N = 576).

Characteristics	Mean/n	SD/%
Age (years)† (range 65–96)	71.73	6.409
Gender
Male	271	47.00%
Female	305	53.00%
Marriage
Married	492	85.42%
Bereaved spouse	79	13.72%
Divorced	5	0.86%
Education
Illiterate	68	11.81%
Primary School	194	33.68%
Junior High School	124	21.53%
High School	116	20.14%
College and above	74	12.85%
Residence status
Living alone	36	6.25%
Living with spouse	138	23.96%
Living with children	173	30.03%
Living with spouse and children	219	38.02%
Other	10	1.74%
Job
Retired	456	79.17%
Working	14	2.43%
Other	106	18.40%
Monthly income
< 500 yuan	146	25.35%
(500, 1,000) yuan	82	14.24%
(1,000, 3,000) yuan	117	20.31%
(3,000, 5,000) yuan	123	21.35%
≥5,000 yuan	108	18.75%
Drinking
Never	377	65.45%
Occasionally	140	24.31%
Quit drinking	32	5.56%
Regular drinking	27	4.69%
Smoking
Never	411	71.73%
Quit smoking	91	15.88%
Smoking	71	12.39%
Hypertension
No	303	52.60%
Yes	273	47.40%
Diabetes
No	465	80.73%
Yes	110	19.10%
Satisfaction to one's life (range 2–100)	85.51	14.21
Satisfaction to one's health (range 0–100)	77.05	17.42
FRAIL scale
Total score †	0.80	1.08
Frail	50	8.74
Pre-frail	211	36.89
Non-frailty	311	54.37
Geriatric depression scale
Total score† (range 0–5)	0.57	1.11
With depressive symptom (GDS ≥ 2)	78	13.5
Without depressive symptom (GDS < 2)	498	86.5
Activities of daily living
Total score† (range 0–10)	9.49	1.67

Data are presented as N (%) for categorical variables or mean ± standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables.

^†indicates continuous variables presented as mean and standard deviation (SD).