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. 2023 Feb 15;11:1110435. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1110435

Table 3.

Pharmaceutical consumption (N. DDD/1,000,000 inhabitants per day) by medicine during 2020.

Community pharmacies Public healthcare facilities Reimbursed by the Italian NHS (community pharmacies + public healthcare facilities) Private purchase Overall
N. % Δ% 20–19 N. % Δ% 20–19 N. % Δ% 20–19 N. % Δ% 20–19 N. % Δ% 20–19
Disulfiram 52.4 71.9 −14.9 74.0 44.8 −3.5 126.3 53.1 −8.6 61.2 84.8 −11.3 187.5 60.4 −9.6
Sodium oxybate 65.5 39.6 −36.6 65.5 27.5 −36.6 65.5 21.1 −36.8
Acamprosate 12.1 16.6 −8.1 17.0 10.3 −0.7 29.1 12.2 −0.9 1.4 1.9 −70.7 30.5 9.8 −11.6
Naltrexone 8.4 11.5 3.5 6.1 3.7 9.4 14.4 6.1 7.1 2.7 3.7 −7.9 17.2 5.5 4.2
Metadoxine < 0.05 ~0 ~0 2.5 1.5 −10.2 2.6 1.0 −10.3 6.2 8.6 −8.4 8.7 2.8 −8.4
Nalmefene < 0.05 ~0 ~0 0.2 0.1 −80.6 0.3 0.1 −80.1 0.7 1.0 −24.5 0.9 0.3 −55.0
Total 72.9 100 −10.9 165.3 100 −20.1 238.2 100 −17.5 72.2 100 −14.4 310.4 100 −16.9