Table 3.

Data collected for testing specific research questions

Hypotheses/research questions	Data collection methods	Sampling methods	Informants/ data sources	Dates/locations
The CBIO+ Approach improves the population coverage of interventions that are designed to address the epidemiological priorities for mothers and children relative to a Comparison Area (Area B) and compared to (1) baseline levels, (2) selected nearby municipalities of the Department of Huehuetenango where the Project was not working (using data obtained in MSPAS documents), and (3) the rural population of the Department of Huehuetenango (using data from the national Demographic and Health Survey). Findings presented in Paper 3 [3].	Baseline KPC survey	30-cluster stratified cluster sampling	300 mothers of under-2 children in each Area	January 2012/ both Areas A and B
	Endline Project KPC survey	30-cluster stratified cluster sampling	300 mothers of under-2 children in each Area	June 2015/ both Areas A and B
The CBIO+ Approach improves the nutritional status of children relative to a Comparison Area (Area B) and relative to (1) baseline levels, (2) selected nearby municipalities of the Department of Huehuetenango where the Project was not working (using data obtained in MSPAS documents), and (3) the rural population of the Department of Huehuetenango (using data from the national Demographic and Health Survey). Findings are presented in Paper 4 [4]	Baseline KPC survey	30-cluster stratified cluster sampling	300 under-2 children weighed in both Areas A and B	January 2012/ both Areas A and B (weight but not height  measured)
	Anthropometric household survey	30-cluster stratified cluster sampling	288 under-2 children weighed and measured	September 2012/ Area A only
	Anthropometric “censuses”	No sampling since all children had their weight and height measured (by visiting all homes)	All under-2 children weighed and measured (ranged from 871 to 1,203 children in each “census”)	June 2013, Sept 2013, and January 2014 (Area A only) Aug 2014 and Nov 2014 (both Areas A and B)
	Endline KPC survey	30-cluster stratified cluster sampling	300 under-2 children weighed and measured for each Area	June 2015/ Both Areas A and B
The CBIO+ Approach reduces under-5 and maternal mortality relative to a Comparison Area (Area B) and compared to (1) baseline levels, (2) selected municipalities of the Department of Huehuetenango where the Project was not working, and (3) the rural population of the Department of Huehuetenango. Findings presented in Paper 5 [5].	Gathering of all vital events in Project Area	Analysis of Register data for all births, stillbirths, and maternal/U-5 deaths	Vital events gathered by Comunicadoras, Level-1 Promoters, and Level-2 Promoters	Oct 2011 to May 2015 (Area A) Oct 2013 to May 2015 (Areas A and B)
	Verbal autopsies	Analysis of verbal autopsies for all maternal and U-5 deaths	Families of 34 deceased women and 314 under-5 children
	MSPAS mortality data for the Department of Huehuetenango	Analysis of MSPAS maternal and under-5 mortality data for the Project’s 3 municipalities and for 3 comparison municipalities outside of the Project Area	Government national vital events registry (Registro Civil)	July 2015 (3 comparison municipalities outside the Project Area)
The staff of the Birthing Centers successfully managed many perinatal complications and in the process contributed to the reduction in maternal and perinatal mortality in the Project communities over the course of the Project. The success of the Birthing Center staff in managing complications can be attributed to intensive training and an extensive support network The management of complications is often compromised by delays in reaching the Birthing Center or by not accepting referral from the Birthing Center staff when recommended Findings are presented in Paper 6 [6]	Review of clinical records	Clinical records of deliveries with complications	Register created of complications recorded in clinical records	July–Aug 2016
	Self-directed written questionnaire	Purposive sample of staff	Birthing Center staff: Supervisory Nurses, Auxiliary Nurses, and support women	Nov 2016
	FGDs			Dec 2016
	Key-informant interviews	Purposive sample of staff	Project Director	Dec 2016
The CBIO+ Approach produces significant increases in women’s participation in community health activities relative to the Comparison Area. The CBIO+ Approach produces significant increases in women’s health-related decision-making autonomy relative to the Comparison Area Findings presented in Papers 7 [7] and 8 [8].	Baseline KPC survey	30-cluster stratified cluster sampling	300 mothers of under-2 children for each survey	Jan 2012 (both Areas A and B)
	Endline KPC survey	30-cluster stratified cluster sampling	300 mothers of under-2 children for each survey	June 2015 (both Areas A and B)
	FGDs	Purposive sampling	Women, men/husbands, mothers-in-law, and Community Health Committees	Jan 2014 (Area A)
	Key informant interviews	Purposive sampling	Community Level-1 Promoters,	May 2015 (both Areas A and B)
	FGDs		Comunicadoras, and Self-Help Group participants
The CBIO+ Approach produces significant increases in community involvement in problem solving relative to a Comparison Area Findings are presented in Paper 8 [8]	Baseline KPC survey	30-cluster stratified cluster sampling	300 mothers of under-2 children for each survey	Jan 2012 (both Areas A and B)
	Endline KPC survey	30-cluster stratified cluster sampling	300 mothers of under-2 children for each survey	June 2015 (both Areas A and B)
	FGDs	Purposive sampling	Women, husbands/partners, mothers-in-law, and Community Health Committee members	Jan 2014
What are the lessons learned in implementing the CBIO+ Approach? How can the CBIO+ Approach be best and most feasibly introduced into the MSPAS framework for health care delivery? Findings presented in Paper 9 [9].	Written questionnaire Key-informant interviews FGDs Group interviews Key-informant Interviews	Purposive sampling	Curamericas/Guatemala staff and MSPAS staff Curamericas/Guatemala staff and MSPAS staff Level-1 Promoters Existing literature about PEC	July 2013 (Area A) Aug 2013 (Area A) June 2015 May 2015 Aug-Nov 2015
How does the cost-effectiveness of the CBIO+ Approach as implemented by Curamericas Global in Guatemala compare to that of other Guatemala maternal and child health programs using different methodologies (based on cost-per-life saved and cost-per- DALY averted)? What are the prospects for scaling up CBIO+ in Guatemala and for implementing and testing it in other countries? Findings presented in Paper 10 [10]	Literature review Cost analysis; LiST (Lives Saved Tool)	Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable	Analysis of Project fiscal records, Project Vital Events Registers, and registers of community census data	Nov 2015 (both Areas A and B)

“Birthing Centers” refers to Community Birthing Centers (Casas Maternas Rurales); FGD Focus group discussion