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. 2023 Feb 28;21:70. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-01828-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Characterization of BEC-EVs and BMSC-EVs. A NTA of BEC-EVs and BMSC-EVs showed the size of EVs. B Representative western blotting of EVs marker HSP 70, TSG 101, ALIX, CD9, and CD63. Cells and supernatant without EVs were regarded as negative control, respectively, and calnexin was defined as endoplasmic reticulum marker which presented exclusively in cells. C Representative TEM images of BEC-EVs and BMSC-EVs (Black arrowheads). Scale Bar: 200 nm. Magnification: 40 k × . All images were taken in the same scale. D Representative confocal microscope images of b. End3 cells phagocytizing DiI labeled BEC-EVs and BMSC-EVs. Scale Bar: 50 μm. Magnification: 63 × . All images were taken in the same scale