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. 2023 Feb 28;21:70. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-01828-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — BEC-EVs and BMSC-EVs treatments reduced the leakage and enhanced the expressions of ZO-1 and Claudin-5 in OGD insulted b. End3 cells. A Representative images of b. End3 cell morphology after 4 and 6 h OGD insult. Scale Bar: 200 μm. Magnification: 20 × . All images were taken in the same scale. B The viability analysis of OGD insulted b. End3 cells after BEC-EVs and BMSC-EVs treatments (n = 6). C Viability analysis of b. End3 subjected to OGD after different dosages of BEC-EVs and BMSC-EVs administrations (n = 6). D Schematic of transwell insert for the evaluation of TRITC-Dextran leakage after the treatments of EVs from two sources. E Relative permeability coefficient of OGD insulted b. End3 cells after BEC-EVs and BMSC-EVs treatments (n = 4). F Representative immunofluorescent staining images of ZO-1 and Claudin-5 in OGD insulted b. End3 cells after BEC-EVs and BMSC-EVs treatments, and quantification of mean fluorescent intensity. Scale Bar: 50 μm. Magnification: 63 × . All images were taken in the same scale. ^***P < 0.001 vs. Control group; ^###P < 0.001, ^##P < 0.01, ^#P < 0.05 vs. OGD or OGD 4 h group