TABLE 1.
Sample characteristics of the included total Austrian pregnant population (N = 940 373) before (“pre‐GDM screening,” i.e., January 2008 to December 2010) and after (“GDM screening,” i.e., January 2011 to December 2019) implementation of the universal gestational diabetes screening program
| Pre‐GDM screening | GDM screening | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2008–2010 | 2011–2019 | ||||
| N = 218 702 | N = 721 671 | ||||
| Baseline characteristics | Estimates | 95% CI | Estimates | 95% CI | p‐value a |
| Maternal | |||||
| Maternal age (years) | 29.82 ± 5.59 | 29.80–29.84 | 30.42 ± 5.34 | 30.41–30.43 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.50 (20.40–25.50) | 22.50–22.50 | 22.70 (20.50–25.90) | 22.70–22.70 | <0.001 |
| BMI category b | |||||
| Underweight | 7824 (6.25%) | 6.11–6.38 | 36 683 (6.17%) | 6.11–6.23 | <0.001 |
| Normal | 81 963 (65.43%) | 65.17–65.70 | 372 508 (62.98%) | 62.86–63.11 | |
| Pre‐obesity | 24 225 (19.34%) | 19.12–19.56 | 119 993 (20.29%) | 20.18–20.39 | |
| Obesity | 11 248 (8.98%) | 8.82–9.14 | 62 498 (10.57%) | 10.49–10.65 | |
| Parity | |||||
| Nullip | 106 667 (48.77%) | 48.56–48.98 | 361 765 (50.13%) | 50.01–50.24 | <0.001 |
| 1–3 | 108 251 (49.50%) | 49.29–49.77 | 340 053 (47.12%) | 47.01–47.24 | |
| ≥4 | 3784 (1.73%) | 1.67–1.79 | 19 853 (2.75%) | 2.71–2.79 | |
| Gestational diabetes | 6336 (2.90%) | 2.83–2.97 | 31 619 (4.38%) | 4.33–4.43 | <0.001 |
| Smoker | 22 346 (10.22%) | 10.09–10.35 | 59 573 (8.25%) | 8.19–8.32 | <0.001 |
| Fetal | |||||
| Fetal sex c | |||||
| Male | 112 086 (51.3%) | 51.08–51.50 | 371 606 (51.5%) | 51.40–51.63 | 0.064 |
| Female | 106 437 (48.7%) | 48.50–48.92 | 349 693 (48.5%) | 48.37–48.60 | |
| Birthweight (g) | 3350 (3340–3665) | 3350–3355 | 3362 (3050–3670) | 3360–3365 | <0.001 |
| Birth height (cm) | 50.47 ± 2.74 | 50.46–50.48 | 50.64 ± 2.75 | 50.64–50.65 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; GDM, gestational diabetes; IQR, interquartile range, SD, standard deviation.
Estimates are presented as mean ± SD, n (%), or median (interquartile range) unless otherwise indicated.
p‐values were calculated using the Mann–Whitney U test, the unpaired t‐test and the Chi‐squared test, respectively.
Missing values N = 223 631. BMI categories: underweight (≤18.5 kg/m2), normal (18.6–24.9 kg/m2), pre‐obesity (25.0–29.9 kg/m2), obesity (≥30.0 kg/m2).
Missing values N = 551.