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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Stimul. 2022 May 11;15(3):761–768. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.05.005

Fig. 3. Effects of stimulation on GUA detection sensitivity thresholds.

Fig. 3.

(a) Both active trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) induced reductions in GUA threshold score over time (lower mean odorant detection thresholds demonstrate improved smell detection) compared to baseline levels, and (b) significantly improve smell function at the 30-min post stimulation timepoint demonstrated by the mean percent change from baseline at the 30-min post stim time point compared to sham stimulation. Individual percent change data of all 20 participants is overlaid upon the mean bar chart. Error bars = SEM.