Table 2.

Liver clinical chemistry measures and metabolic outcomes of all 18-y-old CHAMACOS participants and those in the nested case–control subset {GM [GSD] or n (%)}.

Outcome	All 18-y-old participants ($n=405–474$)	Cases ($n=60$)	Controls ($n=91$)
Elevated liver transaminases	61 (14.7)	60 (100.0)	0 (0.0)
ALT (IU/L)a	18.9 [1.9]	57.8 [1.6]	17.1 [1.5]
AST (IU/L)a	19.0 [1.5]	35.6 [1.5]	17.8 [1.3]
BMI category	—	—	—
Normal ($<25{\mathrm{kg}/\mathrm{m}}^2$)	203 (42.8)	9 (15.0)	39 (42.9)
Overweight ($25–29.9{\mathrm{kg}/\mathrm{m}}^2$)	130 (27.4)	13 (21.7)	30 (33.0)
Obese ($\ge 30{\mathrm{kg}/\mathrm{m}}^2$)	141 (29.8)	38 (63.3)	22 (24.2)
Metabolic syndrome	43 (10.6)	17 (28.8)	4 (4.4)
Blood pressure (systolic $\ge 130$ or diastolic $\ge 90\mathrm{mm}$ Hg)	52 (11.0)	15 (25.4)	8 (8.8)
Waist circumference ($\ge 40$ in for male, $\ge 35$ in for female)	185 (39.2)	42 (70.0)	24 (26.4)
Fasting glucose ($\ge 100\mathrm{mg}/\text{dL}$)	20 (4.8)	8 (13.3)	4 (4.4)
Triglycerides ($\ge 150\mathrm{mg}/\text{dL}$)	50 (12.1)	18 (30.0)	6 (6.6)
HDL cholesterol ($<40\mathrm{mg}/\text{dL}$ male, $<50\mathrm{mg}/\text{dL}$ female)	158 (38.1)	29 (48.3)	29 (31.9)

Note: —, no data; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CHAMACOS, Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas; GM, geometric mean; GSM, geometric standard deviation; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; in, inches: .

^a Geometric mean (geometric standard deviation).