Table 4.

Multiple informant models (RRs and 95% CI) for repeated child urinary glyphosate, AMPA, and glyphosate residue concentrations (specific gravity-corrected, $\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{L}$) at the 5-y, 14-y, and 18-y visits and abnormal markers of liver inflammation and metabolic syndrome (and its components), using mixed-effects Poisson models with a random intercept for each CHAMACOS participant.^a,b

	Glyphosate ($n=121–122$)	AMPA ($n=121–122$)	Glyphosate residuesc ($n=121–122$)
Elevated liver transaminases	1.05 (0.98, 1.13)	1.14 (1.05, 1.23)	1.13 (1.05, 1.22)
Metabolic syndrome	1.14 (0.82, 1.59)	1.55 (1.19, 2.02)	1.52 (1.12, 2.06)
High blood pressure	1.08 (0.85, 1.38)	1.23 (1.01, 1.50)	1.22 (0.99, 1.51)
Large waist circumference	1.02 (0.94, 1.12)	1.06 (0.99, 1.14)	1.06 (0.99, 1.14)
High glucose	1.11 (0.82, 1.49)	1.35 (1.02, 1.77)	1.30 (0.96, 1.77)
High triglycerides	0.99 (0.86, 1.14)	1.27 (1.07, 1.52)	1.22 (1.01, 1.46)
Low HDL cholesterol	0.94 (0.87, 1.02)	1.01 (0.96, 1.07)	0.99 (0.93, 1.06)

Note: AMPA, aminomethylphosphonic acid; BMI, body mass index; CHAMACOS, Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas; CI, confidence interval; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; RR, relative risk.

^a Fasting urine samples taken at 18 y are not included in models, but 5-y and 14-y samples are still included for those participants.

^b Models adjusted for sex, any alcohol consumption at 18 years (yes/no), maternal prepregnancy BMI, parental work in agriculture during pregnancy (yes/no), household poverty status at 18 y (above vs. below the poverty threshold), and food security at 18 y (high/marginal security vs. low and very low security).

^c Calculated using the formula: [$\text{Glyphosate\hspace{0.17em}}+\left(1.5\times \text{AMPA}\right)$].