Table 1.
Participant characteristics of 551 mother-child pairs by neurodevelopmental outcomes and MSEL and VABS Composite scores by characteristics in the CHARGE study.
| Characteristic | All (n = 551) a |
TD (n = 180) |
ASD (n = 190) |
DD (n = 103) |
OEC (n = 78) |
p b | MSEL Composite | p c | VABS Composite | p c |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||
| Freq (%) | Freq (%) | Freq (%) | Freq (%) | Freq (%) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||||
| Child sex | <0.001 | 0.147 | 0.052 | |||||||
| Female | 145 (26.3) | 32 (17.8) | 42 (22.1) | 41 (39.8) | 30 (38.5) | 77 (31) | 73 (21) | |||
| Male | 406 (73.7) | 148 (82.2) | 148 (77.9) | 62 (60.2) | 48 (61.5) | 82 (28) | 77 (20) | |||
| Sampling year | <0.001 | 0.015 | <0.001 | |||||||
| 2009 – 2010 | 180 (32.7) | 65 (36.1) | 48 (25.3) | 33 (32.0) | 34 (43.6) | 84 (28) | 81 (22) | |||
| 2011 – 2013 | 214 (38.8) | 82 (45.6) | 46 (24.2) | 57 (55.3) | 29 (37.2) | 81 (29) | 77 (20) | |||
| 2014 – 2017 | 157 (28.5) | 33 (18.3) | 96 (50.5) | 13 (12.6) | 15 (19.2) | 75 (28) | 69 (18) | |||
| Gestational age at delivery | <0.001 | 0.074 | 0.045 | |||||||
| < 37 weeks | 86 (15.6) | 14 (7.8) | 22 (11.6) | 27 (26.2) | 23 (29.5) | 76 (27) | 71 (17) | |||
| ≥ 37 weeks | 452 (82.0) | 162 (90.0) | 163 (85.8) | 72 (69.9) | 55 (70.5) | 81 (29) | 77 (21) | |||
| Mother’s age at delivery | 0.179 | 0.103 | 0.072 | |||||||
| < 30 years | 247 (44.8) | 77 (42.8) | 94 (49.5) | 43 (41.7) | 33 (42.3) | 78 (29) | 75 (21) | |||
| 30 – 35 years | 156 (28.3) | 60 (33.3) | 50 (26.3) | 23 (22.3) | 23 (29.5) | 84 (28) | 79 (21) | |||
| ≥ 35 years | 148 (26.9) | 43 (23.9) | 46 (24.2) | 37 (35.9) | 22 (28.2) | 80 (29) | 74 (19) | |||
| Parity | 0.006 | 0.452 | 0.875 | |||||||
| 1 | 204 (37.0) | 55 (30.6) | 91 (47.9) | 29 (28.2) | 29 (37.2) | 80 (28) | 75 (19) | |||
| 2 | 209 (37.9) | 73 (40.6) | 67 (35.3) | 40 (38.8) | 29 (37.2) | 79 (29) | 76 (21) | |||
| > 2 | 120 (21.8) | 47 (26.1) | 28 (14.7) | 28 (27.2) | 17 (21.8) | 83 (28) | 76 (21) | |||
| Mother’s pre-pregnancy BMI | 0.985 | 0.562 | 0.574 | |||||||
| Normal/underweight | 286 (51.9) | 97 (53.9) | 100 (52.6) | 51 (49.5) | 38 (48.7) | 81 (29) | 76 (20) | |||
| Overweight | 120 (21.8) | 40 (22.2) | 41 (21.6) | 23 (22.3) | 16 (20.5) | 80 (29) | 76 (20) | |||
| Obese | 134 (24.3) | 41 (22.8) | 45 (23.7) | 28 (27.2) | 20 (25.6) | 78 (28) | 75 (21) | |||
| Vitamin intake during the first month of pregnancy | 0.150 | 0.026 | 0.007 | |||||||
| No | 159 (28.9) | 50 (27.8) | 65 (34.2) | 29 (28.2) | 15 (19.2) | 77 (30) | 73 (21) | |||
| Yes | 329 (59.7) | 117 (65.0) | 106 (55.8) | 57 (55.3) | 49 (62.8) | 83 (28) | 78 (21) | |||
| Mother’s race/ethnicity | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 317 (57.5) | 126 (70.0) | 96 (50.5) | 47 (45.6) | 48 (61.5) | 87 (28) | 80 (21) | |||
| Hispanic | 133 (24.1) | 28 (15.6) | 45 (23.7) | 39 (37.9) | 21 (26.9) | 70 (25) | 70 (19) | |||
| Black, Asian, multiracial | 101 (18.3) | 26 (14.4) | 49 (25.8) | 17 (16.5) | 9 (11.5) | 74 (29) | 71 (18) | |||
| Maximum education in household | 0.041 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| Less than college credit | 271 (49.2) | 78 (43.3) | 91 (47.9) | 64 (62.1) | 38 (48.7) | 76 (27) | 73 (19) | |||
| Bachelor’s degree | 179 (32.5) | 69 (38.3) | 66 (35.7) | 23 (22.3) | 21 (26.9) | 84 (29) | 78 (21) | |||
| Graduate or professional degree | 101 (18.3) | 33 (18.3) | 33 (17.4) | 16 (15.5) | 19 (24.4) | 86 (28) | 80 (20) | |||
| Homeownership | 0.005 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| Non-owner | 223 (40.5) | 55 (30.6) | 82 (43.2) | 49 (47.6) | 37 (47.4) | 75 (27) | 72 (19) | |||
| Owner | 304 (55.2) | 118 (65.6) | 102 (53.7) | 47 (45.6) | 37 (47.4) | 85 (29) | 79 (21) | |||
| Mother’s birthplace | 0.049 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| U.S. | 431 (78.2) | 152 (84.4) | 140 (73.7) | 76 (73.8) | 63 (80.8) | 83 (28) | 77 (21) | |||
| Non-U.S. | 120 (21.8) | 28 (15.6) | 50 (26.3) | 27 (26.2) | 15 (19.2) | 72 (28) | 70 (18) | |||
| Health insurance type at delivery | 0.007 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| No insurance | 139 (25.2) | 32 (17.8) | 55 (28.9) | 36 (35.0) | 16 (20.5) | 69 (26) | 69 (19) | |||
| Insurance | 394 (71.5) | 140 (77.8) | 129 (67.9) | 65 (63.1) | 60 (76.9) | 84 (28) | 78 (20) | |||
| Breastfeeding duration | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||
| Never | 42 (8.0) | 9 (5.2) | 16 (8.7) | 12 (12.8) | 5 (6.6) | 73 (29) | 69 (18) | |||
| ≤ 3 months | 168 (31.9) | 32 (18.4) | 76 (41.5) | 35 (37.2) | 25 (32.9) | 72 (28) | 70 (19) | |||
| > 3 months | 317 (60.2) | 133 (76.4) | 91 (49.7) | 47 (50.0) | 46 (60.5) | 87 (27) | 80 (20) | |||
| Recruitment regional center | 0.264 | 0.251 | 0.217 | |||||||
| Alta, Far Northern, Redwood Coast | 305 (55.4) | 101 (56.1) | 108 (56.8) | 58 (56.3) | 38 (48.7) | 81 (29) | 76 (20) | |||
| North Bay, East Bay, San Andreas, Golden Gate | 104 (18.9) | 41 (22.8) | 27 (14.2) | 18 (17.5) | 18 (23.1) | 83 (30) | 78 (22) | |||
| Valley Mountain, Central Valley, Kern | 142 (25.8) | 38 (21.1) | 55 (28.9) | 27 (26.2) | 22 (28.2) | 78 (27) | 73 (19) | |||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||||||
| Child’s age at sampling (years) | 3.4 (0.8) | 3.2 (0.8) | 3.5 (0.7) | 3.4 (0.7) | 3.3 (0.8) | 0.004 | ||||
a
Missing (frequency, %): gestational age at delivery (13, 2%), parity (18, 3%), mother’s pre-pregnancy BMI (11, 2%), vitamin intake during the first month of pregnancy (63, 11%), homeownership (24, 4%), health insurance type at delivery (18, 3%), breastfeeding duration (24, 4%)
b
P-values from the chi-squared test for categorical variables or the Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables
c
P-values from the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for binary variables or the Kruskal-Wallis test for other categorical variables