Table 2.
Baseline pain characteristics per treatment group
| Treatment groups | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | No treatment | Medication, physiotherapy | Cyst aspiration, fenestration | Nerve blocks | Nephrectomy(hemi)hepatectomy | P-value | |
| Characteristics | (N = 101) | (n = 17) | (n = 21) | (n = 13) | (n = 64) | (n = 15) | |
| Duration of pain (years), median (IQR) | 5 (2–12) | 4 (2–11) | 3 (1–9) | 6 (2–16) | 6 (3–18) | 2 (1–6) | 0.1 |
| Duration of refractory pain (months), median (IQR) | 12 (12–24) | 24 (6–29) | 12 (4–12) | 12 (12–30) | 12 (12–24) | 12 (12–39) | 0.4 |
| Pain severity last 4 weeks, median (IQR) | |||||||
| Minimum VAS score (0–100) | 40 (20–60) | 20 (0–40) | 30 (25–58) | 40 (20–60) | 40 (25–60) | 40 (23–50) | 0.2 |
| Maximum VAS score (0–100) | 80 (70–90) | 75 (55–94) | 80 (60–91) | 80 (70–90) | 85 (80–90) | 85 (71–90) | 0.4 |
| Average VAS score (0–100) | 60 (50–80) | 50 (33–78) | 60 (50–70) | 60 (53–70) | 65 (50–80) | 55 (48–70) | 0.3 |
| Patient reported location (%) | |||||||
| Left kidney | 23.8 | 16.7 | 9.5 | 23.1 | 28.1 | 26.7 | 0.4 |
| Right kidney | 20.8 | 27.8 | 23.8 | 23.1 | 18.8 | 6.7 | 0.5 |
| Bilateral | 46.5 | 38.9 | 61.9 | 46.2 | 45.3 | 53.3 | 0.9 |
| Liver | 30.7 | 38.9 | 47.1 | 30.8 | 34.4 | 41.7 | 0.6 |
| SF-36 score, mean ± SD | |||||||
| Physical component score (0–100) | 58 ± 23 | 54 ± 25 | 55 ± 22 | 60 ± 26 | 58 ± 21 | 53 ± 26 | 0.5 |
| Mental component score (0–100) | 65 ± 20 | 58 ± 16 | 68 ± 25 | 67 ± 20 | 63 ± 20 | 63 ± 20 | 0.3 |
| PHQ-9 total score, median (IQR) | 9 (6–15) | 11 (7–15) | 8 (4–15) | 12 (8–18) | 9 (6–16) | 9 (8–13) | 0.4 |
| Management of pain (%) | |||||||
| Nonpharmacological therapies | 57.5 | 28.6 | 41.2 | 45.5 | 70.0 | 75.0 | 0.02 |
| Acetaminophen | 77.9 | 78.6 | 75.0 | 80.0 | 78.0 | 85.7 | 0.7 |
| NSAIDs | 5.8 | 7.1 | 12.5 | – | 5.1 | – | 0.5 |
| Mild opioids | 41.9 | 35.7 | 43.8 | 30.0 | 40.7 | 85.7 | 0.01 |
| Strong opioids | 43.0 | 50.0 | 31.3 | 50.0 | 44.1 | 14.3 | 0.1 |
| Previous pain therapies | 32.2 | 28.6 | 17.6 | 45.5 | 40.0 | 16.7 | 0.1 |
| Nerve bock | 2.0 | – | 4.8 | – | 3.1 | – | 0.9 |
| Cyst aspiration | 13.9 | 17.6 | 4.8 | 7.7 | 17.2 | – | 0.2 |
| Cyst sclerotherapy or fenestration | 7.9 | 5.9 | 9.5 | 15.4 | 7.0 | – | 0.5 |
| Nephrectomy or (hemi) hepatectomy | 2.0 | 5.9 | – | – | 1.6 | – | 0.9 |
All patients were divided into treatment groups. If patients received more than one type of treatment, they were added to both groups. For analysis, patients were put into the highest category, with medication being the lowest and nephrectomy/(hemi)hepatectomy being the highest category. P-values for differences between groups were tested with one-way ANOVA for normally distributed data, Kruskal–Wallis test for nonnormally distributed data, and Pearson chi-squared test or Fisher's test for categorical data.