Figure 3.

Language fMRI: group comparisons. Group comparisons for verbal fluency fMRI (A–C) and verb generation fMRI (D–F). In brain renders for comparison of individuals with FLE and controls (A and D), cold/warm colours refer to lower/higher task-related effects in patients; of note, increases in FLE exclusively mapped on areas undergoing task-related deactivation and are thus to be interpreted as areas of reduced deactivation in FLE versus controls; for comparison of FLE and TLE, cold/warm colour scales refer to lower/higher task-related effects in FLE relative to TLE. Group differences are shown at P < 0.005 uncorrected, with an extent threshold of 10 voxels applied for display purposes; colour bars indicate corresponding t-score scales, MNI coordinates and statistical details for differences within prespecified ROIs are provided in the Supplementary material. The spider plots (B and E) show Z-score analyses of task effects across seven systems (abbreviated as in Fig. 2). Across panels, black heptagons display effects in controls (Z-score = 0 for each system), and effects in FLE and TLE are shown in dark red and orange lines, respectively; red and orange asterisks denote FLE versus controls and TLE versus controls, while the brown asterisk in the verb generation spider plot highlights a difference between FLE and TLE; ***P_FDR < 0.01, **P_FDR < 0.05, *uncorrected P < 0.05. C and F show task-related effects, plotted as Z-scores (y-axis), stratified along the principal gradient, which was discretized into 20 consecutive, equally-sized bins (x-axis). Effects in FLE and TLE are shown in dark red and orange lines, respectively; for each group, shaded areas correspond to one standard deviation, red and orange asterisks/triangles denote FLE versus controls and TLE versus controls, respectively; brown asterisks/triangles refer to direct comparison of FLE and TLE; for each symbol, irrespective of colour; *P_FDR < 0.05, ^∇uncorrected P < 0.05.