Figure 4.

Working memory fMRI: task effects in controls. Across analytical scales, A–C, D–F and G–I show task effects in controls for verbal working memory, 1–0 Back visuo-spatial and 2–1 Back visuo-spatial working memory fMRI, respectively. A, D and G show task-related activation/deactivation (warm/cold colours) in controls, as derived from one-sample t-tests. Brain renders show maps at P < 0.001 uncorrected, with an extent threshold of 10 voxels applied for display purposes; colour bars indicate t-score scales. The spider plots (B, E and H) show mean task-related effects, parameterized as contrast estimates (β weights) across seven functional systems, where DA = dorsal attention; FP = frontoparietal control; LIM = limbic; SAL = salience (ventral attention); SM = somatomotor; VIS = visual. ***P_FDR < 0.01, **P_FDR < 0.05, *uncorrected P < 0.05. C, F and I show task-related effects stratified along the principal gradient; its left lateral and midline views are shown in the middle of each plot with the same colour scale as in curves of gradient-stratified task effects. The gradient was discretized into 20 consecutive, equally-sized bins (x-axis), with task-related signal (β weights; y-axis) computed per bin; shaded areas refer to 95% confidence intervals of mean effects at each bin. *P_FDR < 0.05, ^∇uncorrected P < 0.05.