Figure 7.

Correlations of functional imaging measures with clinical variables in FLE. Brain sections on the left show statistical maps of nonparametric multiple regressions probing associations between language or working memory fMRI and duration of epilepsy in FLE. For language (A), we show positive associations between duration of epilepsy and task effects during verb generation, where significant voxels (right posterior temporal/angular ROI, peak P_FWE < 0.05; highlighted in black circle) map on areas undergoing task related deactivation; a positive association (warm colour) thus indicates reduced deactivation with longer duration of disease. For working memory (D), we show areas of negative associations between frontoparietal activation and disease duration with cold colours. Maps are shown at P < 0.005, with an extent threshold of 10 voxels applied for display purposes; colour bars indicate t-score scales. ^Scatterplots highlight data distribution for the peak voxel within areas highlighted with a black circle; for illustration purposes, we used age- and sex-adjusted (residualized) contrast estimates (β) as measures of task effect. MNI coordinates and P-values are provided in the Supplementary material. The spider plots (B and E) and gradient plots (C and F) show correlation coefficients for associations between epilepsy duration and task effects for verbal fluency fMRI (B and C), and between age at onset and verbal working memory fMRI (E and F), across each canonical system or gradient bin. Example scatterplots highlight data distribution for correlations at the level of one given system or one given bin; for analyses of systems: ***P_FDR < 0.01; **P_FDR < 0.05; *uncorrected P < 0.05; for analyses along the gradient: *P_FDR < 0.05; ^∇uncorrected P < 0.05.