Table 3.
Pregnancy outcomes according to exposure to AZA or HCQ in all pregnancies/children (univariate analysis)
| All children (n = 284) | HCQ |
AZA |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposed (n = 149) |
Not exposed (n = 135) |
P | Exposed (n = 87) |
Not exposed (n = 197) |
P | |||
| Characteristics of children | ||||||||
| Age of child at time of study (years) (n = 284) | 3.23 (1.14, 6.88) | 2.21 (0.58, 4.74) | 4.55 (2.04, 9.34) | <0.001 | 3.28 (1.14, 8.31) | 3.11 (1.08, 6.35) | 0.682 | |
| Gestational age at delivery (weeks) (n = 280) | 38 (37, 39) | 38 (37, 39) | 38 (37, 39) | 0.416 | 37 (35, 38) | 38 (37, 40) | <0.001 | |
| Pre-term delivery at <38 weeks (n = 280) | 103/279 (36.9%) | 58/148 (39.2%) | 45/131 (34.4%) | 0.403 | 44/86 (51.2%) | 59/193 (30.6%) | 0.001 | |
| Delivery method (n = 281) | ||||||||
| Vaginal | 139 (49.6%) | 71 (49.0%) | 68 (50.4%) | 0.967 | 48 (55.8%) | 91 (47.2%) | 0.151 | |
| Assisted | 30 (10.7%) | 16 (11.0%) | 14 (10.4%) | 5 (5.8%) | 25 (12.8%) | |||
| Caesarean section | 111 (39.5%) | 58 (39.7%) | 53 (39.3%) | 33 (38.4%) | 78 (40.0%) | |||
| Birth weight (kg) (n = 277) | 2.96 (2.49, 3.31) | 2.92 (2.49, 3.31) | 3.00 (2.50, 3.34) | 0.915 | 2.77 (2.32, 3.28) | 3.00 (2.57, 3.34) | 0.018 | |
| Low birth weight (<2.5 kg) (n = 277) | 70/276 (25.4%) | 39/146 (26.7%) | 31/130 (23.9%) | 0.585 | 29/83 (34.9%) | 41/193 (21.2%) | 0.016 | |
| Adverse outcomes during pregnancy reported by mothers | ||||||||
| Pre-eclampsia | 328/267 (10.5%) | 15/142 (10.6%) | 13/125 (10.4%) | 0.982 | 11/82 (13.4%) | 17/185 (9.2%) | 0.299 | |
| Pre-eclampsia requiring induction (n = 269) | 19/268 (7.1%) | 13/143 (9.1%) | 6/125 (4.8%) | 0.172 | 7/82 (8.5%) | 12/186 (6.5%) | 0.532 | |
| IUGR (n = 268) | 31/267 (11.6%) | 16/140 (11.4%) | 15/127 (11.8%) | 0.906 | 10/82 (12.2%) | 21/185 (11.4%) | 0.843 | |
| IUGR requiring induction | 19/267 (7.1%) | 10/140 (7.1%) | 9/127 (7.1%) | 0.986 | 7/82 (8.5%) | 12/186 (6.4%) | 0.540 | |
| Induction (either PET or IUGR) | 32/283 (11.3%) | 19/149 (12.8%) | 13/134 (9.7%) | 0.419 | 12/86 (13.8%) | 20/197 (10.2%) | 0.353 | |
| Neonatal outcomes reported by mothers | ||||||||
| Neonatal lupus rash (all children) | 6/284 (2.1%) | 4/149 (2.7%) | 2/135 (1.5%) | 0.481 | 2/87 (2.3%) | 4/197 (2.0%) | 0.885 | |
| Congenital Heart Block (CHB) | 7/284 (2.5%) | 4/149 (2.7%) | 3/135 (2.2%) | 0.802 | 2/87 (2.3%) | 5/197 (2.5%) | 0.905 | |
| Congenital abnormality (EUROCAT CA) | 6/284 (2.1%) | 4/149 (2.7%) | 2/135 (1.5%) | 0.486 | 2/87 (2.3%) | 4/197 (2.0%) | 0.885 | |
| Infection | 48/284 (16.9%) | 24/149 (16.1%) | 24/139 (17.8%) | 0.708 | 21/87 (24.1%) | 27/197 (13.7%) | 0.031 | |
| Developmental delay, attention deficit disorder, special schooling or special needs | 17/284 (6.0%) | 6/149 (4.0%) | 11/135 (8.2%) | 0.144 | 6/87 (6.9%) | 11/197 (5.6%) | 0.667 | |
| Developmental delay | 14/283 (5.0%) | 6/148 (4.1%) | 8/135 (5.9%) | 0.679 | 5/87 (5.8%) | 9/196 (4.6%) | 0.679 | |
| Attention deficit disorder | 3/283 (1.1%) | 0 | 3/135 (2.2%) | 0.068 | 0 | 3/196 (1.5%) | 0.246 | |
| Special schooling | 6/283 (2.1%) | 1/148 (0.7%) | 5/135 (3.7%) | 0.077 | 2/87 (2.3%) | 4/196 (2.0%) | 0.0.889 | |
| Special needs | 7/283 (2.5%) | 1/148 (0.7%) | 6/135 (4.4%) | 0.041 | 3/87 (3.4%) | 4/196 (2.0%) | 0.482 | |
Data are n (%) or median (IQR) as appropriate. Comparisons made using the Chi2 test for categorical variables or the Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables. Bold text indicates statistically significant results. IUGR: intrauterine growth restriction. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.