Table 1.
Matched Sample Participant Characteristics by Late-life Sleep Medication Use, ARIC Study 2011–2013 (N = 4 197)*
| Matched Nonusers (n = 2 798) | Sleep Medication Users (n = 1 399) | Standardized Mean Difference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics and genetics | |||
| Age, years | 75.3 ± 5.0 | 75.2 ± 5.0 | 0.006 |
| Age ≥75 years, n (%) | 1 403 (50.1) | 693 (49.5) | |
| Female sex, n (%) | 1 972 (70.5) | 990 (70.8) | 0.006 |
| White, n (%) | 2 325 (83.1) | 1 190 (85.1) | 0.05 |
| Education, n (%) | 0.002 | ||
| Basic to high school graduate | 1 579 (56.4) | 811 (58.0) | |
| Some college or more | 1 219 (43.6) | 588 (42.0) | |
| APOE ε4, n (%) | 734 (26.2) | 349 (24.9) | |
| Lifestyle + health status characteristics | |||
| Current smoker, n (%) | 160 (5.7) | 99 (7.1) | |
| Current alcohol consumption, n (%) | 1 432 (51.2) | 670 (47.9) | |
| High depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥ 9), n (%) | 131 (4.7) | 157 (11.2) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.6 ± 5.7 | 28.9 ± 5.9 | |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | |||
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 130 ± 18.1 | 129 ± 18.0 | |
| Antihypertensive medication use, n (%) | 1 990 (71.1) | 1 084 (77.5) | |
| Prevalent diabetes, n (%) | 715 (25.6) | 415 (29.7) | |
| Prevalent CHD, n (%) | 370 (13.2) | 230 (16.4) | |
| Sleep medications | |||
| Barbiturates, n (%) | 17 (1.2) | ||
| Benzodiazepine derivatives, n (%) | 448 (32.0) | ||
| Non-SSRI antidepressants, n (%) | 367 (26.2) | ||
| SSRI antidepressants, n (%) | 505 (36.1) | ||
| Hypnotics, n (%) | 242 (17.3) | ||
| Z-drugs, n (%) | 149 (10.7) |
Note: ARIC = Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities; BMI = body mass index; CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Study Depression Scale; CHD = coronary heart disease; SD = standard deviation; SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
*Data presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise specified.