Table 3.
Late-life Sleep Medication Use and Incident Dementia, by Sleep Medication Type (N = 4 197)*
| Matched Nonusers (n = 2 798) | Sleep Medication Users (n = 1 399) | |
|---|---|---|
| Benzodiazepine derivatives (BZDs) | ||
| n (%) | 0 (0) | 448 (32.0) |
| Hazard ratio (95% confidence intervals) | ||
| Crude model | (reference) | 1.34 (1.06, 1.68) |
| Adjusted model† | (reference) | 1.17 (0.93, 1.48) |
| Non-SSRI antidepressants | ||
| n (%) | 0 (0) | 367 (26.2) |
| Hazard ratio (95% confidence intervals) | ||
| Crude model | (reference) | 1.39 (1.09, 1.78) |
| Adjusted model† | (reference) | 1.45 (1.13, 1.86) |
| SSRI antidepressants | ||
| n (%) | 0 (0) | 505 (36.1) |
| Hazard ratio (95% confidence intervals) | ||
| Crude model | (reference) | 1.83 (1.50, 2.24) |
| Adjusted model† | (reference) | 1.85 (1.51, 2.26) |
| Hypnotics | ||
| n (%) | 0 (0) | 242 (17.3) |
| Hazard ratio (95% confidence intervals) | ||
| Crude model | (reference) | 1.08 (0.78, 1.50) |
| Adjusted model† | (reference) | 1.06 (0.77, 1.47) |
| Z-drugs | ||
| n (%) | 0 (0) | 149 (10.7) |
| Hazard ratio (95% confidence intervals) | ||
| Crude model | (reference) | 0.94 (0.61, 1.46) |
| Adjusted model† | (reference) | 1.18 (0.76, 1.83) |
Note: Bold text represents statistically significant results. BMI = body mass index; SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
*Matched sample 2:1.
†Adjusted model: adjusted for age, sex, race-center, education, APOE ε4, smoking status, alcohol consumption, depressive symptoms, and BMI.