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. 2022 Jun 8;78(3):504–513. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glac128

Table 2.

Association of Risk Factors and Brain Pathologies, Each in a Separate Model, With Grip Strength and Gait Function Decline Rate

Estimates (SE), p-Values
Model’s Term Grip Strength Gait Function
Risk factors
 Presence of ApoE ε4 × Time −0.343 (0.100), <.001 −0.001 (0.002), .676
 Number of vascular risk factors × Time 0.026 (0.052), .619 0.001 (0.001), .477
 History of stroke × Time 0.094 (0.109), .387 −0.007 (0.002), .003
 Dementia × Time −0.901 (0.084), <.001 −0.012 (0.002), <.001
Brain pathologies
 Neurodegenerative
  Amyloid × Time −0.176 (0.039), <.001 −0.001 (0.001), .140
  Tangles × Time −0.195 (0.033), <.001 −0.002 (0.001), .003
  TDP-43 × Time −0.402 (0.093), <.001 −0.004 (0.002), .065
  Hippocampal sclerosis × Time −0.504 (0.138), <.001 −0.003 (0.003), .405
  Lewy bodies × Time −0.387 (0.097), <.001 −0.005 (0.002), .019
  Nigral neuronal loss × Time −0.539 (0.131), <.001 −0.010 (0.003), <.001
 Cerebrovascular
  Macroinfarcts × Time −0.183 (0.092), .046 −0.010 (0.002), <.001
  Microinfarcts × Time −0.078 (0.093), .402 −0.004 (0.002), .047
  Atherosclerosis × Time −0.100 (0.097), .304 −0.008 (0.002), <.001
  Arteriolosclerosis × Time −0.237 (0.097), .014 −0.006 (0.002), .001
  Cerebral amyloid angiopathy × Time −0.237 (0.090), .009 −0.003 (0.002), .107

Notes: ApoE ε4 = ε4 allele of apolipoproteinE gene; SE = standard error; TDP-43: transactive response DNA binding protein-43. Two series of 15 mixed-effects models examined the associations of each of the 4 risk factors, 6 neurodegenerative, and 5 cerebrovascular pathologies shown in the left column with either grip strength decline (middle column) or gait function decline (right column). Each model included 9 terms including time (the rate of change of either grip strength or gait function), cross-sectional terms for age at death, sex, education, and a single risk factor or pathology shown in the left column as well as the interaction of these 4 terms with time. Each cell in the middle and right columns shows the Estimate, SE, and p-value of the interaction between a specific risk factor or pathology with either the rate of grip strength decline or gait function decline.