Table 2.
Association of Risk Factors and Brain Pathologies, Each in a Separate Model, With Grip Strength and Gait Function Decline Rate
| Estimates (SE), p-Values | ||
|---|---|---|
| Model’s Term | Grip Strength | Gait Function |
| Risk factors | ||
| Presence of ApoE ε4 × Time | −0.343 (0.100), <.001 | −0.001 (0.002), .676 |
| Number of vascular risk factors × Time | 0.026 (0.052), .619 | 0.001 (0.001), .477 |
| History of stroke × Time | 0.094 (0.109), .387 | −0.007 (0.002), .003 |
| Dementia × Time | −0.901 (0.084), <.001 | −0.012 (0.002), <.001 |
| Brain pathologies | ||
| Neurodegenerative | ||
| Amyloid × Time | −0.176 (0.039), <.001 | −0.001 (0.001), .140 |
| Tangles × Time | −0.195 (0.033), <.001 | −0.002 (0.001), .003 |
| TDP-43 × Time | −0.402 (0.093), <.001 | −0.004 (0.002), .065 |
| Hippocampal sclerosis × Time | −0.504 (0.138), <.001 | −0.003 (0.003), .405 |
| Lewy bodies × Time | −0.387 (0.097), <.001 | −0.005 (0.002), .019 |
| Nigral neuronal loss × Time | −0.539 (0.131), <.001 | −0.010 (0.003), <.001 |
| Cerebrovascular | ||
| Macroinfarcts × Time | −0.183 (0.092), .046 | −0.010 (0.002), <.001 |
| Microinfarcts × Time | −0.078 (0.093), .402 | −0.004 (0.002), .047 |
| Atherosclerosis × Time | −0.100 (0.097), .304 | −0.008 (0.002), <.001 |
| Arteriolosclerosis × Time | −0.237 (0.097), .014 | −0.006 (0.002), .001 |
| Cerebral amyloid angiopathy × Time | −0.237 (0.090), .009 | −0.003 (0.002), .107 |
Notes: ApoE ε4 = ε4 allele of apolipoproteinE gene; SE = standard error; TDP-43: transactive response DNA binding protein-43. Two series of 15 mixed-effects models examined the associations of each of the 4 risk factors, 6 neurodegenerative, and 5 cerebrovascular pathologies shown in the left column with either grip strength decline (middle column) or gait function decline (right column). Each model included 9 terms including time (the rate of change of either grip strength or gait function), cross-sectional terms for age at death, sex, education, and a single risk factor or pathology shown in the left column as well as the interaction of these 4 terms with time. Each cell in the middle and right columns shows the Estimate, SE, and p-value of the interaction between a specific risk factor or pathology with either the rate of grip strength decline or gait function decline.